0 217916 807605030 807292962 2017-10-29T00:56:32Z Whoop whoop pull up 13157623 /* Israel */ wikitext text/x-wiki The '''constructive vote of no confidence''' (in German: ''konstruktives Misstrauensvotum'', in Spanish: ''moción de censura constructiva'') is a variation on the [[motion of no confidence]] which allows a [[parliament]] to withdraw confidence from a [[head of government]] only if there is a positive majority for a prospective successor. The principle is intended to ensure that a replacement head of government has enough parliamentary support to govern. The concept was first used on a national scale in [[West Germany]], but is today also used in other nations, such as [[Spain]], [[Hungary]], [[Lesotho]], [[Israel]], [[Poland]], [[Slovenia]], [[Albania]] and [[Belgium]]. ==Germany== {{see also|Politics of Germany}} Governments in the 1919 [[Weimar Republic]] were usually very unstable. As there was no [[election threshold]] for getting a seat in the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]], it was possible to get a seat with as little as 0.4 percent of the vote. This resulted in a large number of parties getting seats, making it very difficult for a government to retain a majority. Under the [[Weimar Constitution]], a [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]] (or ''Reichskanzler'' as he was then called) would frequently be voted out of office without his successor having sufficient backing to govern. This led to a quick succession of many Chancellors in office. Many of these chancellors were forced to rely on the emergency provisions of [[Article 48]] just to conduct the basic business of government. In the latter years of the Weimar era, this frequently led to the imposition of cabinets that were dependent on the confidence of the [[President of Germany (Weimar Republic)|President]], [[Paul von Hindenburg]]. This instability was helped by and seen as contributing to the rise of the [[Nazi Party]] under [[Adolf Hitler]]. To overcome this problem, two provisions were included in the 1949 German [[constitution]], the ''[[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Basic Law]]'' ''(Grundgesetz).'' They stipulate that the Chancellor, or ''Bundeskanzler'' ([[Chancellor of Germany|Federal Chancellor]]) as he is now called, may be removed from office by majority vote of the ''[[Bundestag]]'' ("Federal Diet", the lower chamber/house of the German Federal Parliament) only if a prospective successor also has the support of a majority. The relevant provisions are as follows: : '''Article 67.''' (1) The Bundestag can express its lack of confidence in the Federal Chancellor only by electing a successor with the majority of its members and by requesting the Federal President to dismiss the Federal Chancellor. The Federal President must comply with the request and appoint the person elected. : (2) Forty-eight hours must elapse between the motion and the election. : '''Article 68.''' (1) If a motion of a Federal Chancellor for a vote of confidence is not assented to by the majority of the members of the Bundestag, the Federal President may, upon the proposal of the Federal Chancellor, dissolve the Bundestag within twenty-one days. The right to dissolve shall lapse as soon as the Bundestag with the majority of its members elects another Federal Chancellor. : (2) Forty-eight hours must elapse between the motion and the vote thereon.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|url = http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#p0315|website = www.gesetze-im-internet.de|accessdate = 2015-09-13}}</ref> As a result, the failure of a [[motion of confidence]] does not automatically force either the resignation of the cabinet or a new election. Rather, the cabinet ''may'' continue as a [[minority government]] if there is not a positive majority for a prospective successor. Also, the Federal President may dissolve the legislature ''only'' after the failure of a motion of confidence, and the legislature may not dissolve itself either. This provision is intended to limit the power of the President. One consequence of this is that in contrast to many other parliamentary democracies, the Chancellor does not petition the President to dissolve the legislature. Rather, in the past, the Chancellor deliberately loses a motion of confidence. However, this practice has been restricted by the [[Federal Constitutional Court of Germany|Federal Constitutional Court]] since the election of [[Helmut Kohl]] in 1982. While [[Carlo Schmid (German politician)|Carlo Schmid]] is generally considered to be the main contributor to this constitutional innovation, the concept was actually first introduced after [[World War I]] in the [[Free State of Prussia]]. Its existence was a major reason why that state was governed by a centre-left coalition without interruption from 1919 to 1932. ===History of use=== Since 1949, only two constructive votes of no confidence have been attempted, and only one has been successful. {||border=0 cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" |- ! width="120" style="background:#FFDEAD" | '''Date''' ! width="150" style="background:#FFDEAD" | '''Opposition candidate (party)''' ! width="150" style="background:#FFDEAD" | '''Chancellor (party)''' ! width="50" style="background:#FFDEAD" | '''Yes''' ! width="50" style="background:#FFDEAD" | '''No''' ! width="50" style="background:#FFDEAD" | '''Abstention''' ! width="50" style="background:#FFDEAD" | '''absent/invalid''' ! width="50" style="background:#FFDEAD" | '''Vote successful?''' |- |style="background:#FFF8DC;" |27 April 1972 |style="background:#FFF8DC;" |[[Rainer Barzel]] ([[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]) |style="background:#FFF8DC;" |[[Willy Brandt]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]) |style="background:#FFF8DC;" align="center" |247 |style="background:#FFF8DC;" align="center" |10 |style="background:#FFF8DC;" align="center" |3 |style="background:#FFF8DC;" align="center" |236 |style="background:#FFF8DC;" align="center" |no |- |style="background:#FFF8DC;" |1 October 1982 |style="background:#FFF8DC;" |[[Helmut Kohl]] ([[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]) |style="background:#FFF8DC;" |[[Helmut Schmidt]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]) |style="background:#FFF8DC;" align="center" |256 |style="background:#FFF8DC;" align="center" |235 |style="background:#FFF8DC;" align="center" |4 |style="background:#FFF8DC;" align="center" |2 |style="background:#FFF8DC;" align="center" |yes |- |} ====1972 (failed vote)==== On 27 April 1972, an attempt to vote Chancellor [[Willy Brandt]] (SPD) out of office in favor of opposition leader [[Rainer Barzel]] (CDU) failed by a margin of only two votes. This came as a surprise since it was known that several members of the SPD-FDP coalition strongly opposed Brandt's ''[[Ostpolitik]]'' and the government no longer had a clear majority after several deputies had switched over to the opposition. The numerous defections made the opposition theoretically have a majority of 250 votes compared to 246 left for the coalition, just one vote over the 249 needed to topple Brandt. The vote was highly influenced by tactics. Although the vote was secret, the CDU was exposed by the coalition mostly abstaining from the vote. In the end, only 260 votes were cast: 247 with yes, 10 with no, 3 abstaining, and 236 either absent or invalid. It was thus clear that the missing votes were within the CDU faction. In June 1973, CDU member Julius Steiner admitted to ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' magazine to have abstained from voting. Later, he claimed to have received 50,000 [[Deutsche Mark|DM]] in return from one of the leading SPD figures, [[Karl Wienand]]. Leo Wagner of the CSU was suspected to have received a bribe as well, but conclusive evidence could not be found. After the 1990 [[German reunification]], it became clear that the bribe money that was offered to several CDU politicians came from the East German [[Stasi]] (secret police), who at the time saw a need for Brandt to stay in power. That is somewhat ironic since Brandt's ''Ostpolitik'' is today seen as one of the major steps that eventually led to the implosion of the communist states after 1989. However, as the government was no longer backed by a majority in parliament, on 22 September, Chancellor Brandt proposed a [[motion of no confidence#The Basic Law: the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany|Motion of confidence]] to the ''Bundestag''. He lost intentionally to make way for the [[West German federal election, 1972]]. ====1982 (successful vote)==== On 1 October 1982, [[Helmut Schmidt]] was successfully voted out of office in favor of [[Helmut Kohl]], marking the end of the SPD-FDP coalition. The vote was much easier than the earlier one since it was clear that the FDP wanted to switch over to a coalition with the CDU. Indeed, the FDP was already in negotiations at the time the vote happened. The FDP was no longer content with SPD economic policy and at the same time, the SPD was internally divided over [[NATO Double-Track Decision|NATO stationing of nuclear missiles in Germany]]. Still, the vote succeeded by a majority of only seven votes. To obtain a clearer majority in the ''Bundestag'' (which seemed to be in reach according to the polls), after the vote, Helmut Kohl put up a motion of confidence in which the new CDU-FDP coalition intentionally voted against the Chancellor that it just put into power. This trick allowed for the dissolution of the ''Bundestag'' according to Article 68 ''Grundgesetz'' (see above). Still, the action triggered an appeal to the [[Federal Constitutional Court of Germany|Federal Constitutional Court]], which, in a somewhat helpless ruling, upheld the move but set criteria for such motions in future. After all, the new ''Bundestag'' had already been elected in [[West German federal election, 1983|March 1983]], yielding a strong majority for the new coalition, which eventually lasted until [[German federal election, 1998|1998]]. ===Gerhard Schröder's 2005 motion of confidence=== On 22 May 2005, after the SPD lost to the Christian Democrats (CDU) in the state (land) elections in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]] announced he would call federal elections "as soon as possible". Constructive vote of no confidence were not used (Article 67), instead a [[motion of confidence]] (Article 68) in Chancellor Schröder was subsequently defeated in the ''Bundestag'' on 1 July 2005 by 151 to 296 (with 148 abstaining), after Schröder urged members not to vote for his government in order to trigger new elections. The [[Federal Constitutional Court]], once again, allowed such [[motion of confidence]], and the Federal President dissolved the ''Bundestag'' according to the Article 68, Par. 2 of the [[Basic Law]]. The [[German federal elections, 2005]] were held on 18 September. After the elections, neither Schröder's SPD-Green coalition nor the alliance between CDU/CSU and the FDP led by Angela Merkel achieved a majority in parliament. On October 10, it was announced that the parties had agreed to form a ''grand coalition''. Schröder agreed to cede the chancellorship to Merkel, but the SPD would hold the majority of government posts and retain considerable control of government policy. Merkel was elected Chancellor on 22 November. ==Spain== {{see also|Politics of Spain}} A very similar system to the German one exists in Spain today. It was approved in the new [[Constitution of Spain|constitution of 1978]] for the national Cortes (parliament) and also came into force in territorial assemblies (parliaments/assemblies of autonomous communities). Under the Constitution, the [[Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister]] (President of the Government) must resign if he proposes a vote of confidence to the [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|Congress of Deputies]] (the lower chamber of the ''[[Cortes Generales]]'', Spanish parliament) and if he is defeated, or alternatively, if the Congress, on its own initiative, censures the government. However, when a censure motion is introduced, a prospective replacement candidate for Prime Minister must be nominated at the same time. If the censure motion carries, the replacement candidate is deemed to have the confidence of the Congress of Deputies and thus automatically ascends as Prime Minister. As with the German Basic Law, the term "constructive vote of no confidence" does not actually appear in the Spanish constitution. The relevant provisions are as follows: :'''Article 113''' 1. The Congress of Deputies may require political responsibility from the Government by adopting a motion of censure (no confidence) by overall (absolute) majority of its Members. 2. The motion of censure (no confidence) must be proposed by at least one tenth of the Members of Congress of Deputies and shall include a candidate for the office of the Presidency of the Government. 3. The motion of censure (no confidence) may not be voted until five days after it has been submitted. During the first two days of this period, alternative motions may be submitted. 4. If the motion of censure (no confidence) is not adopted by the Congress of Deputies, its signatories may not submit another during the same period of sessions. :'''Article 114''' 1. If the Congress of Deputies withholds its confidence from the Government, the latter shall submit its resignation to the King, whereafter the President of the Government shall be nominated in accordance with the provisions of Article 99. 2. If the Congress of Deputies adopts a motion of censure (no confidence), the Government shall present its resignation to the King and the candidate included in it shall be understood to have the confidence of the Chamber for the purposes provided in section 99. The King shall appoint him President of the Government.<ref>{{Cite web|title = La Constitución en inglés|url = http://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/en/constitucion/Pages/ConstitucionIngles.aspx|website = www.tribunalconstitucional.es|accessdate = 2015-09-13|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120117063355/http://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/en/constitucion/Pages/ConstitucionIngles.aspx|archivedate = 2012-01-17|df = }}</ref> Since the enactment of the current Constitution, there has not been any successful constructive vote of no confidence. ==Hungary== {{see also|Politics of Hungary}} The [[unicameral]] [[National Assembly of Hungary|National Assembly]] could not remove the [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] unless a prospective successor was nominated at the same time. [[s:Constitution of the Republic of Hungary (1989)#Article 39/A.|Article 39A (1) of the constitution]] provided that: :A motion of no confidence in the Prime Minister may be initiated by a written petition, which includes the nomination for a candidate for the office of Prime Minister, by no less than one-fifth of the Members of the National Assembly. A motion of no-confidence in the Prime Minister is considered a motion of no-confidence in the Government as well. Should, on the basis of this motion, the majority of the Members of the National Assembly withdraw their confidence, then the candidate nominated for Prime Minister in the motion shall be considered to have been elected. Since 2012 new constititution named Fundamental Law has been in force and it has same regulation of the [[motion of no confidence]] ===Use=== In March 2009 the prime minister, [[Ferenc Gyurcsány]], announced he would hand over his position to a politician with a higher support of the parties of the Hungarian parliament. The [[Alliance of Free Democrats]] (SZDSZ) opposed most candidates for the post proposed by the [[Hungarian Socialist Party]] (MSZP), but on 30 March 2009, [[Gordon Bajnai]] managed to get the backing of both parties. A constructive motion of no confidence against Ferenc Gyurcsány took place on 14 April. Bajnai became Prime Minister. ===Fundamental Law of Hungary=== Current '''Fundamental Law of [[Hungary]]''' (new [[Constitution of Hungary]] adopted in 2011) has similar provisions which allow only '''constructive vote of no confidence''' by the absolute majority of the [[unicameral]] [[National Assembly]] (parliament) members. :'''Article 21''' (1) One-fifth of the Members of the National Assembly may, together with the designation of a candidate for the office of Prime Minister, submit a written motion of no-confidence against the Prime Minister. (2) If the National Assembly supports the motion of no-confidence, it thereby expresses its lack of confidence in the Prime Minister and simultaneously elects the person proposed for the office of Prime Minister in the motion of no-confidence. For such decision of the National Assembly, the votes of more than half of the Members of the National Assembly shall be required. (3) The Prime Minister may put forward a confidence vote. The National Assembly expresses its lack of confidence in the Prime Minister if more than half of the Members of the National Assembly do not support the Prime Minister in the confidence vote proposed by the Prime Minister. (4) The Prime Minister may propose that the vote on a proposal submitted by the Government be simultaneously a confidence vote. The National Assembly expresses its lack of confidence in the Prime Minister if it does not support the proposal submitted by the Government. (5) The National Assembly shall decide on the question of confidence after the third day, but no later than eight days following the submission of the motion of no-confidence or of the Prime Minister’s motion pursuant to Paragraphs (3) or (4).<ref>{{Cite web|title = The New Fundamental Law of Hungary|url = http://www.kormany.hu/en/news/the-new-fundamental-law-of-hungary|website = Government|accessdate = 2015-09-13}}</ref> ==Lesotho== {{see also|Politics of Lesotho}} Subsection (8) of section 87 of the [[Constitution of Lesotho]] stipulates that a motion of no confidence in the [[Prime Minister of Lesotho]] is of no effect unless the [[National Assembly of Lesotho|National Assembly]] nominates one of its members to be appointed prime minister in place of the incumbent: :A resolution of no confidence in the Government of Lesotho shall not be effective for the purposes of subsections (5)(a) and (7)(e) unless it proposes the name of a member of the National Assembly for the King to appoint in the place of the Prime Minister.<ref>[http://www.parliament.go.th/parcy/sapa_db/cons_doc/constitutions/data/Lesotho/Lesotho.pdf ''The Constitution of Lesotho'']. Accessed on July 21, 2010.</ref> ==Israel== {{see also|Politics of Israel}} The constructive vote of no confidence has been in place since the direct election of the [[Prime Minister of Israel]] was abolished in 2001. By a vote of no confidence the [[Knesset]] (parliament) did not elect new prime minister but only proposed a ''[[formateur]]'': a presumptive nominee charged with seeking to form a new government. The candidate proposed then might or might not secure a positive vote of confidence before becoming prime minister. The system, therefore, did not guarantee continuity in the same way as the constructive vote of no confidence was used in Germany and elsewhere. In accordance with the Amendment No. I of the [[Basic Laws of Israel|Basic Law of Government 2001]] the system is changed and there is no more a ''formateur''. The [[Basic Laws of Israel|Basic Law of Government 2001]] provides in Section 28 (b): :An expression of no confidence in the Government shall be done by means of a resolution of the Knesset, adopted by the majority of its Members to express confidence in another Government that announced basic guidelines of its policy, its make-up and the distribution of functions among Ministers, as stated in article 13 (d). The new Government shall be established once the Knesset has expressed confidence in it, and from that time the Ministers shall go into office.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Basic Law: The Government (2001)|url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/2001/Pages/Basic%20Law-%20The%20Government%20-2001-.aspx|accessdate = 2015-09-13}}</ref> ==Poland== {{see also|Politics of Poland}} The [[Constitution of Poland]] (1997) states that the ''[[Sejm]]'' (lower chamber of the [[National Assembly]]) may remove the [[Council of Ministers]] (cabinet) only by a resolution (adopted by absolute majority of the ''[[Sejm]]'' members) which specifies the name of the new [[Prime Minister]] (President of the Council of Ministers). :'''Article 158''' The Sejm shall pass a vote of no confidence in the Council of Ministers by a majority of votes of the statutory number of Deputies, on a motion moved by at least 46 Deputies and which shall specify the name of a candidate for Prime Minister. If such a resolution has been passed by the Sejm, the President of the Republic shall accept the resignation of the Council of Ministers and appoint a new Prime Minister as chosen by the Sejm, and, on his application, the other members of the Council of Ministers and accept their oath of office. A motion to pass a resolution referred to in para. 1 above, may be put to a vote no sooner than 7 days after it has been submitted. A subsequent motion of a like kind may be submitted no sooner than after the end of 3 months from the day the previous motion was submitted.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Constitution of the Republic of Poland|url = http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm|website = www.sejm.gov.pl|accessdate = 2015-09-13}}</ref> ==Albania== {{see also|Politics of Albania}} The [[Constitution of Albania]] (1998 as amended in 2008 and 2012) stipulates also that only '''constructive vote of no confidence''' may be adopted by the absolute majority of the [[unicameral]] [[Deliberative assembly|Assembly]] (parliament) deputies. :'''Article 104''' [Motion of confidence] 1. The Prime Minister has the right to submit to the Assembly a motion of confidence in the Council of Ministers. If the motion of confidence is voted by fewer than half of all the members of the Assembly, within 48 hours from the voting on the motion, the Prime Minister asks the President of the Republic to dissolve the Assembly. 2. The President dissolves the Assembly within 10 days from receipt of the request. A request for a motion of confidence may not be submitted during the period when a motion of no confidence according to article 105 is being examined. 3. The motion may not be voted on unless three days have passed from its submission. :'''Article 105''' [Motion of no confidence] 1. One fifth of the deputies have the right to submit for voting in the Assembly a motion of no confidence in the Prime Minister in office, proposing a new Prime Minister. 2. The Assembly may vote a motion of no confidence against the Prime Minister only by electing a new Prime Minister with the votes of more than half of all its members. 3. The President of the Republic decrees the discharge of the Prime Minister in office and the appointment of the elected Prime Minister no later than 10 days from the voting on the motion in the Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Constitutions - Legislationline|url = http://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/constitutions|website = www.legislationline.org|accessdate = 2015-09-13}}</ref> ==Slovenia== {{see also|Politics of Slovenia}} According to the [[Constitution of Slovenia]] (1991 as amended in 1997, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2013) the [[National Assembly]] (''[[Državni zbor]]'', lower chamber of the Slovenian parliament) may pass a [[motion of no confidence]] in the [[Government]] only by '''constructive vote of no confidence'''. :'''Article 116''' [Vote of no confidence] The National Assembly may pass a vote of no confidence in the Government only by electing a new President of the Government on the proposal of at least ten deputies and by a majority vote of all deputies. The incumbent President of the Government is thereby dismissed, but together with his ministers he must continue to perform his regular duties until the swearing in of a new Government. No less than forty-eight hours must elapse between the lodging of a proposal to elect a new President of the Government and the vote itself, unless the National Assembly decides otherwise by a two-thirds majority vote of all deputies, or if the country is at war or in a state of emergency. Where the President of the Government has been elected on the basis of the fourth paragraph of Article 111, a vote of no confidence is expressed in him if on the proposal of at least ten deputies, the National Assembly elects a new President of the Government by a majority of votes cast. :'''Article 117''' [Vote of confidence] The President of the Government may require a vote of confidence in the Government. If the Government does not receive the support of a majority vote of all deputies, within thirty days the National Assembly must elect a new President of the Government or in a new vote express its confidence in the incumbent President of the Government, or failing this, the President of the Republic dissolves the National Assembly and calls new elections. The President of the Government may tie the issue of confidence to the adoption of a law or to some other decision in the National Assembly. If such decision is not adopted, it is deemed that a vote of no confidence in the Government has been passed. No less than forty-eight hours must elapse between the requirement of a vote of confidence and the vote itself.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Constitution » us-rs.si|url = http://www.us-rs.si/en/about-the-court/legal-basis/|website = www.us-rs.si|accessdate = 2015-09-13}}</ref> ==Belgium== {{see also|Politics of Belgium}} The [[Kingdom of Belgium]] adopted '''constructive vote of no confidence''' in the [[Constitution of Belgium]] (1994 coordinated text) article considering the [[dissolution of parliament]]. :'''Article 46''' [Reasons for Dissolution] (1) The King has only the right to dissolve the Chamber of Representatives if the latter, with the absolute majority of its members: 1) either rejects a motion of confidence in the federal Government and does not propose to the King, within three days from the day of the rejection of the motion, the nomination of a successor to the Prime Minister; 2) or adopts a motion of disapproval (no confidence) with regard to the federal Government and does not simultaneously propose to the King the nomination of a successor to the Prime Minister. (2) The motions of confidence and disapproval can only be voted on after a delay of forty-eight hours after the introduction of the motion. (3) Moreover, the King may, in the event of the resignation of the federal Government, dissolve the Chamber of Representatives after having received its agreement expressed by the absolute majority of its members. (4) The dissolution of the Chamber of Representatives entails the dissolution of the Senate. (5) The act of dissolution involves the convoking of the electorate within forty days and of the Chambers within two months.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Belgium: The Belgian Constitution|url = http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11637|website = www.wipo.int|accessdate = 2015-09-13}}</ref> ==Westminster systems== {{see also|Westminster system}} {{unreferenced section|date=January 2011}} In partisan [[Westminster system]]s, a constructive vote of no confidence is normally not required. A prime minister faced with a vote of no confidence must either resign immediately or request a [[dissolution of parliament]] and fresh elections. This system is normally stable because strong political parties in the Westminster system ensure a very small number of viable candidates to replace a prime minister, and also ensures frequent and stable [[majority government]]s. However, this was not always the case historically, especially in Westminster systems without clearly defined political parties. In such circumstances, it was often the case that the sitting prime minister would be unpopular with parliamentarians but also might not have a viable successor who could have a better command of the parliament. In such cases, it was informally expected that parliament refrain from a vote of no confidence unless there was a reasonably obvious successor, in which case the prime minister would usually be expected to resign without recourse to fresh elections. On the other hand, if a prime minister in a nonpartisan Westminster system sustained a vote of no confidence in spite of the lack of an obviously viable successor then depending on the circumstances he might have up to two alternatives to resignation: call fresh elections or attempt to continue governing in spite of the non-confidence vote.{{Where|date=July 2011}} ==See also== *[[Parliamentarism]] *[[Motion of no confidence]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:German constitutional law]] [[Category:Motions of no confidence]] [[de:Konstruktives Mißtrauensvotum]] du3z25xa7oku9ul39ko49567cjbvj5b 0 3277686 817130405 802381070 2017-12-26T10:01:23Z Paine Ellsworth 9092818 Disambiguate [[Pad Man]] to [[Pad Man (character)]] using [[:en:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Prison Break'' characters}} [[Image:Prison Break Cast.jpg|thumb|350px|Cast members of ''Prison Break'': [[Amaury Nolasco]], [[Robert Knepper]], [[Wade Williams]], [[Sarah Wayne Callies]], [[Wentworth Miller]] with executive producer [[Matt Olmstead]]]] This is a '''list of characters''' in the [[United States|American]] television series, ''[[Prison Break]]''. == Main characters == <onlyinclude> {| class="wikitable" width="80%" |- ! colspan="2" ! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Actor !! rowspan="2"|Character !! colspan="5"|Appearances |- !width="7%"|[[Prison Break (season 1)|S1]] !! width="7%"|[[Prison Break (season 2)|S2]] !! width="7%"|[[Prison Break (season 3)|S3]] !! width="7%"|[[Prison Break (season 4)|S4]] !! width="7%"|[[Prison Break (season 5)|S5]] |- |align="center"| [[Dominic Purcell]] |align="center"| [[Lincoln Burrows]] | colspan="5" {{CMain}} |- |align="center"| [[Wentworth Miller]] |align="center"| [[Michael Scofield]] | colspan="5" {{CMain}} |- |align="center"| [[Robin Tunney]] |align="center"| [[Veronica Donovan]] | colspan="2" {{CMain}} |bgcolor=white colspan="3" {{n/a|}} |- |align="center"| [[Peter Stormare]] |align="center"| [[John Abruzzi]] | {{CMain}} |{{CRecurring}} |bgcolor=white colspan="3" {{n/a|}} |- |align="center"| [[Amaury Nolasco]] |align="center"| [[Fernando Sucre]] | colspan="5" {{CMain}} |- |align="center"| [[Marshall Allman]] |align="center"| [[Lincoln "L. J." Burrows Jr.|Lincoln "L.J." Burrows, Jr.]] | colspan="2" {{CMain}} |colspan="2" {{CRecurring}} | {{n/a|}} |- |align="center"| [[Wade Williams]] |align="center"| [[Brad Bellick]] | colspan="4" {{CMain}} |{{n/a|}} |- |align="center"| [[Paul Adelstein]] |align="center"| [[Paul Kellerman]] | colspan="2" {{CMain}} |{{n/a|}} |{{CGuest|Special Guest Star}} |{{CMain}} |- |align="center"| [[Robert Knepper]] |align="center"| [[Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell]] |colspan="5" {{CMain}} |- |align="center"| [[Sarah Wayne Callies]] |align="center"| [[Sara Tancredi]] |colspan="2" {{CMain}} |style="background: silver" align="center"| ([[Stand-in]]) |colspan="2" {{CMain}} |- |align="center"| [[Rockmond Dunbar]] |align="center"| [[Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin]] |colspan="2" {{CMain}} |{{n/a|}} |{{CGuest|Special Guest Star}} | {{CMain}} |- |align="center"| [[William Fichtner]] |align="center"| [[Alexander Mahone]] |{{n/a|}} |colspan="3" {{CMain}} |{{n/a|}} |- |align="center"| [[Chris Vance (actor)|Chris Vance]] |align="center"| [[James Whistler (Prison Break)|James Whistler]] |bgcolor=white colspan="2" {{n/a|}} |colspan="2" {{CMain}} |{{n/a|}} |- |align="center"| [[Robert Wisdom]] |align="center"| [[Norman "Lechero" St. John]] |bgcolor=white colspan="2" {{n/a|}} |colspan="1" {{CMain}} |bgcolor=white colspan="2" {{n/a|}} |- |align="center"| [[Danay Garcia]] |align="center"| [[Sofia Lugo]] |bgcolor=white colspan="2" {{n/a|}} |colspan="2" {{CMain}} | {{n/a|}} |- |align="center"| [[Jodi Lyn O'Keefe]] |align="center"| [[Gretchen Morgan]] |bgcolor=white colspan="2" {{n/a|}} |colspan="2" {{CMain}} |{{n/a|}} |- |align="center"| [[Michael Rapaport]] |align="center"| [[Don Self]] |bgcolor=white colspan="3" {{n/a|}} |{{CMain}} |{{n/a|}} |- |align="center"| [[Mark Feuerstein]] |align="center"| [[#Jacob Anton Ness/Poseidon|Jacob Anton Ness/Poseidon]] |bgcolor=white colspan="4" {{n/a|}} |{{CMain}} |- |align="center"| [[Inbar Lavi]] |align="center"| [[#Sheba|Sheba]] |bgcolor=white colspan="4" {{n/a|}} |{{CMain}} |- |align="center"| [[Augustus Prew]] |align="center"| [[#David "Whip" Martin|David "Whip" Martin]] |bgcolor=white colspan="4" {{n/a|}} |{{CMain}} |} </onlyinclude> === Lincoln Burrows === {{main|Lincoln Burrows}} [[File:Dominic Purcell Edwards AFB.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dominic Purcell]] played [[Lincoln Burrows]].]] Lincoln Burrows (played by [[Dominic Purcell]]) is falsely and blatantly accused of the murder of [[Terrence Steadman]] and sentenced to death for the crime. He is surprised to see Michael Scofield in the same prison who plans to get him out of prison. He evaded authorities after escaping from prison and has been exonerated of all charges. Currently free, he has successfully assisted Michael and [[James Whistler (Prison Break character)|James Whistler]] to break out of Sona. As of season 4, he is now part of Self's covert "A-Team" assembled to bring down The Company. He is also in the very last scene when he visits Michael Scofield's (his brother) grave, and he puts an origami crane on top of the grave so he can remember the time when he made them for him, so he would always know that his brother was caring for him. In season 5, he finds out Michael is still alive and incarcerated in Yemen, and leads an operation to save his brother. === Michael Scofield === {{main|Michael Scofield}} [[File:Wentworth by Andrew Horovitz.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Wentworth Miller]] played [[Michael Scofield]].]] Michael Scofield (played by [[Wentworth Miller]]) is the protagonist of the series and younger brother of [[Lincoln Burrows]]. He designs an elaborate escape plan and tattoos it to his body to free his older brother who has been framed for murder and sentenced to death via the electric chair. He successfully executes this plan, freeing himself, Lincoln and 6 other convicts, but ultimately fails to evade the police in Panama. Season 3 is centered around Michael breaking out of prison again, however, this time from the self-governed prison of [[Penitenciaría Federal de Sona|Sona]], situated in Panama. In season 4, he reunites with Sara after discovering her death in season 3 was faked, and she is part of Agent Donald Self's covert "A-Team", which is assembled to bring down [[The Company (Prison Break)|The Company]]. Michael has low latent inhibition, a personality trait which allows him to notice things that others would not. This, along with his genius-level intellect, is what enabled him to break out of both prisons. He also suffers from a tumor of the hypothalamus, which causes nosebleeds, disorientation, and extreme pain. In season 5, he is revealed to be incarcerated in Yemen under a different name. === Veronica Donovan === [[File:RobinTunneyHWOFFeb2013.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robin Tunney]] played Veronica Donovan.]] Veronica Donovan (played by [[Robin Tunney]]) is a real-estate lawyer and a longtime friend of the protagonists of the series, who unsuccessfully tries to find evidence to exonerate Lincoln Burrows. She serves as the primary ally of the brothers in the show’s first season. Veronica had a relationship with Lincoln in High School and the two also dated each other after she graduated from Baylor law school. However, at the start of the show they have broken up since several years. When Lincoln is first framed for the murder of Terrence Steadman, Veronica assumes that he is guilty and moves on with her life. Sometime between the episode "[[Brother's Keeper (Prison Break episode)|Brother's Keeper]]", and the pilot, she gets engaged to Sebastian Balfour. Although she is a real estate lawyer and not a criminal lawyer, Veronica defends her childhood friend, Michael Scofield at his trial. Initially, she doesn't believe Lincoln's innocence and is convinced by the security tape footage. However, after the disappearance of Leticia Barris, a witness who could prove Lincoln's innocence and the death of a bishop who opposed Lincoln's death penalty, Veronica is led to believe that Lincoln might have been set up. Thus, Michael’s arrest causes her to grow more involved with Lincoln’s case, straining her relationship with Sebastian. Following the disappearance of Leticia in the episode "Cell Test", Veronica decides to postpone the wedding as she claims that she can’t focus on it at the time. Sebastian is hurt by this and breaks off the engagement. She approaches ''Project Justice'' for help with Lincoln's case, knowing that she herself doesn't have any experience in death penalty cases. However, they refuse to partake in her case. [[List of Prison Break minor characters#Nick Savrinn|Nick Savrinn]] later offers his help after telling her that his father was similarly accused of a crime he did not commit. Together, they work tirelessly, trying to uncover the truth behind Terrence Steadman's apparent murder. The original security tape which they were looking for is destroyed and in the subsequent episode, "[[Riots, Drills and the Devil#Part 2|Riots, Drills and the Devil Part 2]]", they are threatened via a public phone call in Washington, D.C. and are targeted by [[Paul Kellerman]] and [[List of Prison Break minor characters#Other conspiracy characters|Daniel Hale]], who are members of the conspiracy. They were nearly killed by an explosion in Veronica's apartment and in the following episodes, [[list of Prison Break characters#Lincoln "L.J." Burrows|LJ Burrows]] joins both of them after escaping from the agent's clutches. All three of them go into hiding. Their lives are once again in danger when an assassin called Agent Quinn manages to find out their secret location. Veronica eventually manages to knock him unconscious and escape with LJ and a wounded Nick. Veronica is then contacted by a secret informant, who claims to be willing to provide information. Knowing that hiding is not the answer, Veronica decides to go out into the open and reveal the conspiracy to the public. Veronica meets with the informant, agent Hale, the following night, where he reveals that Steadman is still alive. Hale is executed by Kellerman before he can provide proof, and Veronica barely has time to hide shortly before Kellerman arrives. Now left more or less empty handed, Veronica and Nick nevertheless goes back to the court on Lincoln’s execution day for one last time to appeal for Lincoln’s case, but this ultimately fails as the judge rules against them. Fortunately, someone slips in evidence in the last minute which helps to stall Lincoln's execution. Veronica and Nick decide to send someone to do a test on Steadman's body, but the dental records matched Steadman's past records. Following this, she decides to find out where the real Steadman is hiding. In "J-Cat", Nick, Veronica and L.J. return to [[New Glarus, Wisconsin|New Glarus]] to visit the dead Quinn, where they obtain his cell phone. Eventually, they found out Terrence Steadman's hideout in Blackfoot, Montana. However, at the end of the episode "Tonight", Veronica is betrayed by Nick, who turned out to have made a deal with John Abruzzi to have her "ready and waiting" at the airport on the night of the escape in exchange for his father’s freedom. Nick is conflicted, however, and ultimately lets her go to the airport as he doesn't want Veronica to be killed. Now alone, she travels to Blackfoot, Montana and manages to sneak into Steadman's house and confront him face to face. In season 2, following her confrontation with Steadman ([[Jeff Perry (American actor)|Jeff Perry]]), Veronica is executed in cold blood by secret service agents ordered to ensure that Terrence Steadman is kept hidden. Veronica becomes the first main character to be killed off in the series. === John Abruzzi === [[File:Peter Stormare.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Peter Stormare]] played [[John Abruzzi]].]] John Abruzzi (played by [[Peter Stormare]]) is an [[Italian-American]] mob boss and the Don of the Abruzzi crime family, who is imprisoned at Fox River with a [[Life imprisonment|life sentence]]. He controls Prison Industry, an internal work program for the convicts, thanks to his connections with [[Brad Bellick]], who is on the payroll of Abruzzi's associates. He appears as an anti-hero where he is less of an antagonist than an unwanted ally to the protagonists. He is convicted based on the testimony of Otto Fibonacci, who saw him order the deaths of two men. Abruzzi plans to exact revenge on Fibonacci, who entered the witness protection program. In the pilot episode, he is approached by Michael Scofield with a PI membership request. Abruzzi at first dismisses the newcomer, but gives him his full attention after he learns that Michael somehow knows where Fibonacci is hiding. Although Michael claims that he will give up the information in exchange for help with his escape plan, Abruzzi has two of Michael's toes cut off trying to extract Fibonacci's location from him. This fails and Abruzzi decides to instead team up with Michael to break out of prison. Although their alliance is initially unstable, with both men being wary of each other, Abruzzi and Michael learn to get along as the season progresses. Abruzzi’s status as head of PI proves valuable to Michael’s escape plan, as the escape team is able to use work on PI to build an escape tunnel. For some time, the escape plan is threatened when Abruzzi’s associate on the outside, Philly Falzone, cuts off Abruzzi's cash stream and takes his prison privileges from him as payback for failing to find Fibonacci. Together, Michael and Abruzzi decides to frame Falzone in the episode "Sleight of Hand", allowing Abruzzi to restore his control of PI. When fellow escapee T-Bag becomes an obstacle, Abruzzi has one of his men on the outside kidnap T-Bag's cousin. The job goes bad, resulting in the death of the cousin as well as his young son. Abruzzi is deeply shaken over the death of the toddler and turns to religion as an outlet for his pain, causing him to spare T-Bag’s life even though he had intended to kill him. This proves to be a big mistake, as T-Bag immediately takes the opportunity to slash Abruzzi's throat. He is evacuated by helicopter to receive treatment for his injuries. Abruzzi survives and returns six episodes later in "The Key". Upon his return he appears to have become very religious and friendly; it is soon discovered to be a ploy, as Abruzzi ruthlessly plans to kill most of the team and arranges to kidnap [[Veronica Donovan]] to force Fibonacci's location out of Michael, although this fails since Nick Savrinn released Veronica. After the escape, Abruzzi attempts to gun down T-Bag, but he handcuffs himself to Michael to avoid getting shot at. Abruzzi exacts revenge on T-Bag, cutting off his left hand with an axe, the one he attached himself to Michael with. He is one of the group of five who are forced to run on foot after his plane leaves them behind. Abruzzi appears only briefly in season 2. After being on the run with the other four escapees, he separates from the group and reunites with his family in New York. No longer interested in finding out Fibonacci's location, he plans to flee with his family to Sardinia. He had a sudden change of mind when, one of his thugs informs him about Fibonacci's exact location, but is instead lured into a trap set up by Mahone and the [[FBI]], using Fibonacci as bait. Rather choosing death over returning to prison, Abruzzi raises his weapon and is gunned down, with a cross in hand. He is the first member of the Fox River Eight to be taken down by the authorities. In season 5, he is revealed to have an older son who did not appear in the original series, named Luca Abruzzi, who Lincoln began working for. ;Production details Peter Stormare, Abruzzi's portrayer, was a member of the regular cast and was featured in every episode before his character's injury in the thirteenth episode of the first season, "[[End of the Tunnel (Prison Break episode)|End of the Tunnel]]". After his return to the series six episodes later in "[[The Key (Prison Break episode)|The Key]]", Stormare became a recurring guest star, appearing in the final four episodes of the first season and in the first, second and fourth episodes of the second season. The character was later killed off in the fourth episode of the second season, "[[First Down (Prison Break episode)|First Down]]". He later appeared in a brief flashback in the episode "[[Fin Del Camino]]." === Fernando Sucre === {{main|Fernando Sucre}} Fernando Sucre (played by [[Amaury Nolasco]]) is imprisoned at [[Fox River State Penitentiary]] for aggravated robbery and was ratted out by the man trying to steal his girlfriend. Sucre is Michael's cell mate and was one of the first members of the escape plan. Although the group split apart after the escape Sucre came back to help Michael multiple times. He is part of Self's "A-Team" and plays an important role in getting Scylla. In season 5, he is revealed to now be working on a freighter, and wants to help save Michael from Yemen. === Lincoln "L. J." Burrows Jr. === [[File:Marshall Allman 01.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Marshall Allman]] played Lincoln "L. J." Burrows Jr.]] Lincoln "L.J." Burrows Jr. (played by [[Marshall Allman]]) is Lincoln's estranged son. Marshall Allman was listed as part of the main cast until the fourteenth episode of the second season, "[[John Doe (Prison Break episode)|John Doe]]". In the pilot episode, despite his normally good behavior, L.J. is arrested for drug possession and put on probation. Part of his punishment is to visit a mentor, his father, once weekly. The first encounter is cold, but their relationship grows warmer, However, L.J. is targeted by conspiracy agents [[Paul Kellerman]] and [[List of Prison Break minor characters#Other conspiracy characters|Daniel Hale]]; after they frame him for the murders of his [[Lisa Rix|mother]] and [[Adrian Rix|stepfather]], L. J. flees to [[List of Prison Break characters#Veronica Donovan|Veronica Donovan]] and [[List of Prison Break minor characters#Nick Savrinn|Nick Savrinn]]’s secret cabin. Upon discovering Kellerman's alias, he confronts him with a gun to avenge his mother. L.J. is arrested by the police after trying to shoot Kellerman. In season 2, L.J. is visited in jail by [[Alexander Mahone]], who asks for his help to capture Lincoln and Michael; L.J. refuses to co-operate. His family nearly breaks him out of the courthouse, but the escape is foiled and L.J. is sent to an adult detention center. He is later set free in a move by The Company to find Lincoln. Though they are able to outsmart the agents and escape, they are arrested by the police in "[[Unearthed (Prison Break episode)|Unearthed]]". They are later saved by people working for Lincoln's father, and L. J. is sent with his grandfather's friend Jane for safety. In [[Wash (Prison Break episode)|"Wash"]] L.J. is revealed to be living in [[Pullman, Washington]] under a false name. This ends in season 3, where L.J is kidnapped by The Company and held hostage as motivation for Lincoln and Michael to break Whistler out of Sona. After Whistler is broken out, the hostage exchange is successful at a museum, and L.J. is reunited with his father. L.J. appears briefly in the season 4 [[Scylla (Prison Break episode)|premiere]] and is briefly mentioned in the epilogue of the series finale when Lincoln says that L.J. is taking his finals in school, implying that wherever he is, he is doing well. L.J. does not appear in season 5, nor is he mentioned. === Brad Bellick === {{main|Brad Bellick}} Brad Bellick (played by [[Wade Williams]]) is the leader of the Fox River State Penitentiary correctional officers but is later dismissed. He goes after [[Charles Westmoreland]]'s hidden five million dollars, but fails. Set up for murder twice by T-Bag, he ended up incarcerated at Sona. He later escaped from Sona between Season's 3 and 4 along with Sucre and T-Bag. After his escape he was recruited to be part of Self's covert "A-Team" assembled to bring down The Company. He drowned while trying to put up a pipe to cross a main water conduit, saving the Scylla plan. === Paul Kellerman === {{main|Paul Kellerman}} Paul Kellerman (played by [[Paul Adelstein]]) is a [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent who was ordered to make sure Lincoln Burrows is framed and convicted for murder, along with various other illegal acts. He was presumed dead after a shooting after releasing information about The Company at Sara Tancredi's trial at the end of season 2. He is revealed to still be alive at end of season 4. In season 5, he is still working for the government, and is also revealed to be married and divorced with joint custody of a daughter. === Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell === {{main|Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell}} [[File:RobertKnepperApr09.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robert Knepper]] played [[Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell]].]] Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell (played by [[Robert Knepper]]) is imprisoned at Fox River State Penitentiary with a life sentence<ref>[http://www.fox.com/prisonbreak/bios/bio_bagwell.htm Character biography of Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell] at Prison Break's official site.</ref> for six accounts of kidnapping, rape, and murder. He escapes with Michael's help and reconnects with his previous family by kidnapping them. He frees them after an emotional outbreak, however. He goes to Panama and ends up in Sona for killing a number of prostitutes. T-Bag took over Sona after killing its former ruler, Lechero. However, sometime between season 3 and 4, he has broken out of Sona along with Sucre and Bellick and is now on a mission to head back to the US to settle the score with Michael for double-crossing him on the escape from Sona at the end of season 3. He later is forced to be a reluctant member of Self's "A-Team". In season 5, he is released from Fox River and given an operation which gives him a prosthetic hand as functional as a natural one. he is also given a photo which shows Michael is still alive in Yemen, and becomes an unwanted ally of Sara. Though Bagwell initially believed himself to be incapable of fathering a child due to being conceived as a result of inbreeding, Michael reveals to him that he has an illegitimate son in David "Whip" Martin. The chance for a fresh start and family serves as T-Bag's motivation for continuing to assist Michael. When Whip is killed, T-Bag snaps the neck of his killer; and as a result finds himself imprisoned in Fox River; where he exacts further vengeance upon Poseidon, who is assigned his cellmate. === Sara Tancredi === {{main|Sara Tancredi}} [[File:Sarah Wayne Callies.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sarah Wayne Callies]] played [[Sara Tancredi]].]] Sara Tancredi (played by [[Sarah Wayne Callies]]) is Michael's love interest, daughter of the Illinois governor, and a doctor working at Fox River State Penitentiary before becoming involved in the conspiracy behind Lincoln Burrows' setup. She eventually shoots a corrupt government agent, [[William Kim]], and Michael takes the fall for it, giving her freedom. Apparently brutally decapitated, her head was placed in the box at the beginning of season 3, though it was later discovered to be a ploy and she is in fact alive. As of season 4, she was part of Self's covert "A-Team" assembled to bring down The Company. In season 5, she has remarried, is raising Michael's son alongside her husband, and is somewhat reluctant to believe Michael is still alive. === Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin === {{main|Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin}} Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin (played by [[Rockmond Dunbar]]) is imprisoned at Fox River for possession of stolen goods.<ref> [http://www.fox.com/prisonbreak/bios/bio_franklin.htm Character biography of Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin] at Prison Break's official site.</ref> He escapes prison and reconnects successfully with his family. All charges against him are dropped after he reveals certain secrets about [[Alexander Mahone]]. He and his family are safe and were then put in witness protection at the end of season 2. C-Note returns at the end of season 4 with Sucre to help Michael, Lincoln & the rest of the team against The Company. In season 5, he accompanies Lincoln to Yemen after finding evidence that Michael is still alive. === Alexander Mahone === {{main|Alexander Mahone}} [[File:WilliamFichtnerApr2011.jpg|thumb|upright|[[William Fichtner]] played [[Alexander Mahone]].]] Alexander Mahone (played by [[William Fichtner]]) is an [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] Special Agent, who is put in charge of the nationwide manhunt for the Fox River escapees. He is responsible for the deaths of three of the Fox River Eight. In turn, Michael sets him up for possession of cocaine, which leads to his incarceration at Sona, as well. He escaped from Sona with Michael and Whistler at the end of season 3, and is now part of Self's covert "A-Team" assembled to bring down The Company in season 4. He does not appear in Season 5, nor is he mentioned. === James Whistler === [[File:Chris Vance.PNG|thumb|upright|[[Chris Vance (actor)|Chris Vance]] played James Whistler.]] Little is known about his background, though throughout [[List of Prison Break episodes|season three]] James Whistler (played by [[Chris Vance (actor)|Chris Vance]]) repeatedly claimed to be a simple fisherman from [[Kalbarri]] in Western Australia who ran charters between Panama and the Pacific North West.<ref>Dialogue spoken by Chris Vance as James Whistler, "[[Good Fences (Prison Break episode)|Good Fences]]", Prison Break season 3 episode 4.</ref> He is in the Panamanian jail known as Sona for the murder of the son of the [[mayor]] of [[Panama City]] during a bar fight, although he claims he is innocent. This resulted in a bounty being placed on his head, as the mayor offered to free (via a corrupt judge) any inmate who would kill Whistler, forcing Whistler to go into hiding in the sewers after he arrived at the prison.<ref>Dialogue spoken by [[Carlo Alban]] as McGrady, "[[Fire/Water]]", Prison Break season 3 episode 3.</ref> His only contact with the outside world was his girlfriend [[Sofia Lugo|Sofía]], who obliviously believes in his innocence. Breaking him out of Sona became Michael Scofield's primary mission during season three, though Whistler and his mysterious background causes tension between both men as various aspects of Whistler's background (most notably the story that he is needed to be freed in order to deliver vaguely explained "coordinates" recorded within a bird watcher guidebook Whistler carries with him at all times) cause Michael to question whether or not he is helping an innocent man caught in the vast web of conspiracies of The Company, as Whistler claims to be. He is first seen in [[Orientación]] hiding within a crawlspace below the room of [[Lechero]], the de facto leader of the prison. When he first saw [[Brad Bellick]], he offered him food in return for a favor. When a fight broke out between two inmates (one of whom was Michael Scofield) Bellick was to place a note on each of the two inmates in order to get more food from Whistler. He was apparently attempting to send a message to [[Sofia Lugo]]. Sofía found the note, which read "VERSAILLES 1989 V MADRID", and lead her to a bank lock-box containing what appeared to be a bird guide. The book was then stolen by Lincoln Burrows. The Company seems to have an interest in Whistler, and this is apparently the reason Michael's incarceration in Sona was arranged in the first place. Due to the political spotlight on him, The Company were unable to get him out. Initially, Whistler is seemingly unaware of why The Company wants him. One of The Company's operatives, Elliott Pike, approached Michael and offered their support if he breaks Whistler out. When he refused, another operative, who called herself only by the obviously false name [[Susan B. Anthony (Prison Break character)|Susan B. Anthony]], approached Michael's brother Lincoln Burrows and informed them that Lincoln's son [[L.J. Burrows]] and Michael's girlfriend [[Sara Tancredi]] were being held hostage by The Company and would be killed if Michael didn't break Whistler out within a week. After the [[bounty (reward)|bounty]] on his head and his location is discovered by both Michael and [[Alexander Mahone|Mahone]], Mahone delivers him to prison boss Lechero. Fortunately, Lechero chooses to remove the bounty on Whistler at Michael's request, giving up the reward of freedom from the mayor, after Michael restores water to the prison. Whistler tries to befriend Mahone in an effort to get information on Scofield. Later he reveals why The Company is interested in him. They want to know where Whistler took a certain naturalist to during one of his charters. But he needs the bird guide, which is actually his trip log to retrace his steps and take The Company to that location. In [[Good Fences (Prison Break episode)|Good Fences]] the bird guide is returned to him with the warning that he is running out of time. Meanwhile, he asks Sofía to look into Scofield and Burrows because he doesn't trust any of them. Also he tells Sofía The Company is interested in him because of a charter he did in [[Seattle]]. Michael instructs Whistler to spy on one of the tower guards to learn their behavior. Whistler observes a window of 6 minutes where the sun's glare forces the guard to look away. When it is revealed he covers for Michael by claiming to be a bird lover. Meanwhile, a new inmate, Tyge claims to know him, calling him by the name McFadden and seeing him in 1997 in [[Nice]] at the [[Ambassador]] [[hotel]], thus casting doubt on his story in Michael's eyes. Tyge is murdered and Whistler is suspected after McGrady tips off Lechero that the two had an argument. His life is in danger until Michael manages to intervene. In [[Vamonos]] it is later revealed that Whistler has been deceitful with Michael, and has actually been working with Gretchen (Susan B. Anthony), and that it is he who is orchestrating his break from Sona. Susan aka Gretchen tells him the plan Bang and Burn is in effect, which both dismissed as suicide until [[Pad Man (character)|Pad Man]] says it is the only option after Michael failed to take James out of Sona. While James gets to the roof of Sona during a military [[helicopter]] rescue of him, Michael Scofield, knowing his position is dead without him, stops the prison break. Scofield was then taken away to confess what he knew about the helicopter squad. Scofield's confession caused Whistler to be implicated. In the subsequent torture, Whistler revealed Gretchen Morgan, the woman who had been orchestrating the entire escape. After learning that Gretchen escaped from the Sona guards clutches, both Whistler and Scofield returned to Sona. Whistler, Michael, Mahone, and McGrady later escape from Sona, Lechero is shot and injured, while [[T-Bag]] and [[Bellick]] are caught during the escape. He realizes he lost his book during his escape. After getting out of Sona, Whistler manages to escape from Michael and Lincoln but is then caught again. The exchange for L.J. and him goes well, but it is realized there never were coordinates in the bird book. He tries to explain to Sofía, but at this point she wants nothing to do with him. He escapes with Gretchen and The Company. He is later seen making a deal with Mahone to join up with The Company and Mahone, Gretchen, and he drives away. Whistler appears briefly in the season 4 premiere. After he betrays The Company by planning to steal Scylla, he is shot and killed by Company hitman Wyatt. A later episode reveals that he had arranged to sell Scylla to the Chinese, rather than handing it over to the government. === Norman "Lechero" St. John === [[File:Robertwisdom2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robert Wisdom]] played Norman "Lechero" St. John.]] Norman St. John (played by [[Robert Wisdom]]) is a Panamanian drug kingpin incarcerated at Sona, where he is the leader of the prison and is at the top of the prison hierarchy. He appears only in season 3 where his role is similar of that of John Abruzzi in season 1. Ruthless and violent, he earned the nickname "Lechero" when he, at the age of 13, disguised himself as a lechero (milkman) in order to kill his mother's rapist. The character serves as an antagonist and enemy to the protagonists in the early episodes of season 3, but later becomes an uneasy ally. Lechero is introduced in the season 3 premiere episode [[Orientacion (Prison Break episode)|Orientacion]]. Aware of Michael Scofield's ventures as a fugitive from the United States, Lechero views him as a threat to his rule and plots to get rid of him by setting Michael up in a fight to the death with another prisoner. However, Michael survives. Lechero also meets [[Theodore Bagwell|T-Bag]] in this episode and accepts him as his underling. The relationship between him and Michael continues to be characterized by deceit and mistrust in the next few episodes, like in [[Call Waiting (Prison Break episode)|Call Waiting]], when Michael steals Lechero’s cell phone. But Lechero learns in [[Fire/Water (Prison Break episode)|Fire/Water]], that Michael can be useful as well when he restores water to the prison. Lechero grows increasingly paranoid as the season progresses, and is later tricked by T-Bag that his cronies are planning a coup against him, successfully manipulating Lechero to enlist T-Bag as a spy. In [[Good Fences (Prison Break episode)|Good Fences]], Lechero gets in trouble when the electrical system in the prison stops functioning. Remembering that Michael is an engineer, he quickly enlists Michael's help to fix the system, in exchange for a new cell in the prison block. He is later approached by Bellick, who warns him that Michael cannot be trusted and that he will trick Lechero as he tricked Bellick. At first Lechero is skeptical but then he decides to see for himself, and when Michael successfully outwits him and repairs the prison's electrical system, his trust in Michael is solidified. He later punishes Bellick for the bad information by scalding him with hot coffee. In [[Photo Finish (Prison Break episode)|Photo Finish]] Lechero slits Cheo for taking tribute from Augusto (It was actually Sammy). In [[Vamonos]] after Michael's failed escape, Lechero informs him that he will break out of prison, but with one catch—he must take Lechero with him. In the following episode [[Bang & Burn]], Lechero reveals an underground tunnel which they can use to escape. in the episode [[Prison Break (season 3)#ep56|Hell or High Water]] Lechero is shot by the guards during the Sona Escape. In the following episode [[The Art of the Deal]] T-Bag and Bellick come to Lechero's aid. T-Bag tells Lechero that the guards will let them go for 50,000 dollars. Lechero calls his girlfriend who brings T-Bag the money. After getting the money T-Bag takes his place as the leader of Sona by suffocating Lechero with a pillow while Bellick stands by and watches in terror. === Sofía Lugo === Sofía Lugo (played by [[Danay García]]) is the girlfriend of James Whistler. Having worked with Lincoln to help Michael break out Whistler in Season 3, she is with LJ in Season 4, though their whereabouts are unknown. The character is introduced to the series as a regular in the premiere episode of the third season of the series. Sofía Lugo is first seen posing as the wife of a dead inmate and a gravedigger, in order to get [[James Whistler (Prison Break character)|James Whistler]]'s message written to her, transferred via the dead bodies. Sofía finds the note, which refers to a bank lock-box in a bank where a bird guide is contained. The book is then stolen by Lincoln Burrows and tells her to tell Whistler that he has it now. She meets Whistler in Sona, who keeps her in the dark about Scofield as he feared that Sofía might be killed if she knew too much. On her way out, she sees the visitation log, figures the connection and notes Lincoln's hotel and room number. She tails Lincoln to Saint Rita and confronts him. Lincoln tells her about the escape plan. In "[[Good Fences (Prison Break episode)|Good Fences]]", Sofía meets Whistler who demands to know the truth. He relents, telling her of The Company's interest in him and telling her to gather information on the brothers. Afterwards she meets Lincoln at his hotel wanting to help in the escape. Lincoln enlists her as an impromptu translator for Lincoln and the grave digger. Sofía helps to bargain with the price of the car of the grave digger, who is killed shortly after by Gretchen. She also accompanies Lincoln to bury the scuba gear and provides assistance, such as helping to drug one of the guards and hatching the escape plan for Scofield and James Whistler. She seemed to not completely trust Lincoln but in "[[Bang & Burn]]", she discovers Whistler's other identity and house, which casts doubt into her mind. A romantic connection begins to appear between Lincoln and Sofía due to her problems of mistrust with her boyfriend James Whistler. Later, in an attempt to force Whistler to give the coordinates, Sofía is captured and tortured by Gretchen Morgan. In the season finale, after the exchange, Sofía decided to break up with Whistler, when she realized that she could no longer trust him. Sofía was shot by one of The Company members in "[[The Art of the Deal]]", but has not yet given in to the extent of her injuries. As she recovers in the hospital, she tells Michael to retrieve a box from her apartment which she had found, containing files on a man named Jason Lief. As Michael leaves to find Whistler, Lincoln and LJ decided to stay back to take care of Sofía. Sofía appears briefly in the premiere episode of season 4, shopping with Lincoln and LJ, but when Lincoln kills a Company agent and is arrested, Sofía and L.J. run for it. She reappears in the finale of season 4. She is held captive by Company agents but is released unharmed by the General after Sucre and C-Note apprehend him. Four years later, she is shown to be romantically involved with Lincoln. Sofia does not appear in season 5, but in "Progeny" Lincoln mentions that he and Sofia have broken up. === Gretchen Morgan === [[File:Jodi Lyn O'Keefe.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jodi Lyn O'Keefe]] played Gretchen Morgan.]] Gretchen Louise Morgan (played by [[Jodi Lyn O'Keefe]]), sometimes operating under the alias Susan B. Anthony, is introduced to the series in the third season as a high-ranking Company field-operative in charge of Whistler's breakout from Sona. Despite claiming to have killed Sara, season 4 revealed she lied and Sara is in fact alive. Gretchen finds herself in The Company's crosshairs after the Whistler/Scylla disaster and later is forced out of necessity to aid Self's "A-Team" against her former employers. She is ruthless and impatient, performing swift executions without hesitation if there is any obstacle to her plan, but is known to have a soft side for the few individuals that she cares about, for example her daughter. She is shown to be able to withstand torture and is exceptionally skilled in martial arts. Her character is mainly an antagonist, and later an occasional, uneasy ally to the protagonists. Gretchen is the main antagonist of the third season. The character is first seen covering scratch wounds on her face with makeup. Later, she meets up with Lincoln at a bar and informs him that The Company has kidnapped both [[Sara Tancredi|Sara]] and [[L.J. Burrows|LJ]], and that in order for them to survive, Michael must break [[James Whistler (Prison Break character)|James Whistler]] out of Sona prison. When Lincoln tries to rescue both of them, she claimed to have personally beheaded Sara and warned the brothers not to play games.<ref name=good>Good Fences</ref> Gretchen provides assistance to both of the brothers so that their plan would work, such as money for the gravedigger (whom she eventually executed as she suspected that he might report them to the police)<ref name=good/> and a drug that could help silence a guard.<ref name=photo/> When she finds out that Lincoln is trying to drug the guard much earlier than the hostage exchange time, she becomes furious and moves to behead the fearful [[L.J. Burrows|LJ]],<ref name=photo>Photo Finish</ref> but is stopped when Lincoln reveals the truth. When the escape ultimately fails, Gretchen's supervisor, General Krantz, forced her to carry out the "Bang and Burn" Operation, which involved flying helicopters into Sona to retrieve Whistler. Due to Michael's intervention, this operation fails. Hoping that Lincoln could once again be included into the plan, Gretchen allowed Lincoln to meet his son at an abandoned shack. Michael's confession caused her to be subsequently tortured by [[waterboarding]] by Sona guards. However, Gretchen was able to escape from their clutches.<ref>Boxed In</ref> [[James Whistler (Prison Break character)|James Whistler]] later revealed that her real name is Gretchen Morgan.<ref name=vamonos>Vamonos</ref> Following Michael and Whistler's escape from Sona, Gretchen was able to extract Whistler safely, but she failed to eliminate the brothers. In her final appearance of the season, she is seen driving away in a car with Whistler and Mahone (who had seemingly made a deal with Whistler to work for The Company after the escape). In the season 4 premiere, Gretchen appears with Whistler on a mission to retrieve one of the Scylla cards, which fails when Whistler betrays The Company by stealing the original card, and Gretchen is punished by the general for her failure. Initially assumed dead, she is revealed to be alive at the end of "Breaking and Entering", locked away and tortured for information. She has only a minimal role in the next few episodes, but finally escapes custody in the fifth episode. "Blow Out" fleshes out her character when Gretchen takes shelter at her sister’s house. It is revealed that Rita’s child Emily is actually Gretchen’s daughter, and the character shows her first hints of a softer side when they appear in scenes together. Following this, Gretchen recovers and enters the main plot to obtain Scylla. She tracks down T-Bag, who is in possession of Whistler’s bird book, and forces him to co-operate. She eventually becomes a reluctant ally to Michael and his team, which includes Sara. In an effort to make amends with Sara, whom Gretchen tortured in Panama, she meets with her in "The Price" and offers her to get even by whipping Gretchen with a bull whip. Sara declines, instead stating that Gretchen will one day pay for the guard she murdered that helped Sara escape. In "Greatness Achieved", Gretchen is revealed to be a former lover of the General (who is also the father of her daughter, Emily) when she infiltrates his office with a gun seeking revenge. While she appears to soften at his manipulations, it is later revealed that she is merely playing along to gain inside information. Gretchen and T-Bag serve mainly as wild cards in these episodes, playing Michael’s team, with their real plan revealed to be using them to get Scylla, only to then steal it and sell it to a Chinese crime syndicate for 125 million. In their scenes together, Gretchen is often the more ruthless character, while T-Bag appears more hesitant as he grows attached to salesman Cole Pfeiffer, the alias he is living under to facilitate the break-in. In order to speed things along, Gretchen accepts the task of trying to steal the general's Scylla card by seducing him in "Quite Riot". He uncovers her true motivation, however, and she barely survives by pleading with him, confirming to the viewers that he is the father of her child. On the day of the break-in to steal Scylla, Gretchen and T-Bag stake out the Gate corporation with machine guns, preparing to ambush the team when they return. Gretchen and a reluctant T-Bag take the entire company hostage when someone spots her gun, and they are forced to flee when a federal agent arrives. In the next few episodes, Gretchen shares a plotline with Don Self, a Homeland Security agent that Michael’s team reports to. After betraying the team and taking Scylla, Self threatens the life of Gretchen’s daughter for her to help him find a new buyer. Gretchen complies and in "Going Under" they meet with the buyer, but fails when men appear to take them into Company custody. Following this, she is forced by the general to work with Self, Lincoln and T-Bag to recover Scylla. Her character is later written out when she is shot by the buyer and the rest of the team leave her behind to be arrested by the police. In ''[[Prison Break: The Final Break|The Final Break]]'', Gretchen is shown to be an inmate in the prison that Sara is taken to, for the murder of Christina Scofield Hampton. When Gretchen sees Lincoln and Sucre standing outside the prison, she demands that Sara take her along in any escape plan they may be developing. While initially threatening, Gretchen eventually reveals to Sara that she simply desires to see her daughter, Emily, and to give her a necklace which she made herself. She proves her loyalty by saving Sara from an attacker looking to collect a bounty put out by the General, who is incarcerated in a neighboring prison. When the escape commences, Gretchen attacks a guard and gets stabbed in the leg. Knowing that she cannot escape without help, Gretchen asks Sara to choose to either leave her behind or help her, and Sara lends her hand. Finally, as Sara and Gretchen are on their way, Gretchen is spotted by guards. When asked whether or not she is alone, Gretchen refuses to reveal Sara's presence, and gets taken back into custody. This is the last time she is seen. Before leaving however, Sara sees the necklace Gretchen made for her daughter on the ground, and, knowing she would have been caught had Gretchen betrayed her, Sara secures it, so that she may pass it along to Emily. === Donald Self === Donald "Don" Self (played by [[Michael Rapaport]]) is an [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement#Homeland Security Investigations (HSI)|ICE Homeland Security Investigations]] ([[United States Department of Homeland Security|DHS]]) special agent introduced in the [[Scylla (Prison Break episode)|fourth-season premiere]]. After their arrest, he recruits the protagonists and several other characters into a covert "A-Team" of sorts in a mission to take down The Company once and for all. The character plays a prominent role in the last season. Not much is known about him but he is stated as a hardworking Homeland Security Agent who tries to bring down The Company but has yet to be successful. He has worked for five years to bring down The Company with [[List of Prison Break characters#James Whistler|James Whistler]] and [[List of Prison Break minor characters#Other conspiracy characters|Aldo Burrows]] (Michael and Lincoln's father), the latter has also tried to locate Scylla. According to a background check made on the character by The Company in the episode "Five the Hard Way", Self studied law on Long Island, before spending the next 18 years moving around DOD and DOJ. He began working for Homeland Security in 2002. Agent Self later told Mahone that he had a wife that died while giving birth - his unborn infant died too. A picture of his wife is seen at his desk several times and he once played a message of her voice at his answering machine.<ref name="Scylla">[[Scylla (Prison Break)|Scylla]]</ref><ref>[[Greatness Achieved (Prison Break)|Greatness Achieved]]</ref> The truth about his wife's fate is revealed near the end of the season. Self's character plays the role of supervisor and ally to the team in the first half of the season, but later becomes an antagonist. In "Scylla", he tasks Lincoln Burrows and Michael Scofield with the mission of bringing down The Company and finding "Scylla", a key card that stores a wealth of information about The Company. He promises them full exoneration if the brothers can obtain Scylla and hand it over to the government. As [[Fernando Sucre|Sucre]], [[Alexander Mahone|Mahone]], [[Brad Bellick|Bellick]], [[Sara Tancredi|Sara]], and Roland Glenn, a computer hijacker, come along with them, Self points out that if they do it there is no coming back and that he is their boss.<ref name="Scylla"/><ref>[[Breaking & Entering (Prison Break)|Breaking & Entering]]</ref> The partnership with Self is not without friction, however. Most notably in "Shut Down" were Self, under pressure from his boss, reluctantly tries to cancel the mission after it is discovered that Scylla is six key cards, not just one. Self agrees to let them find the rest of the Scylla cards after the team successfully identifies the other cardholders.<ref>[[Shut Down (Prison Break)|Shut Down]]</ref> In other episodes throughout the season, however, the character provides active assistance to the team, like in "Safe and Sound" where Self, although overtly pessimistic about their chances, agree to help by first contriving an excuse to enter a cardholder’s office and later in the episode by luring someone out of his office for lunch, leaving the team to get to a safe which contains a Scylla card.<ref>[[Safe & Sound (Prison Break)|Safe & Sound]]</ref> He also has his computer analysts identify the rest of the cardholders from the picture taken with Michael's cell phone. When General Krantz, the leader of The Company, discovers Self had images of him enhanced, Wyatt confronts Self and tells him that the General "likes his privacy."<ref>[[Blow Out (Prison Break)|Blow Out]]</ref> Taking Mahone's advice; to get aggressive, Self meets the General face-to-face and blackmails him, threatening to reveal to the public missions he was involved in, thus making it harder for The Company to remain covert.<ref>[[Five the Hard Way (Prison Break)|Five the Hard Way]]</ref> As the season unfolds, Self's character begins to show tendencies of a more ruthless side. He often threatens to kill those who oppose him, and in "Blow Out", after Mahone becomes a liability to the mission by getting arrested by the police, Self wants to have Mahone killed, something Michael refuses to do. Instead the team rescue Mahone, without Self’s assistance. In "The Legend" the team grows a dislike for Self when he seems unwilling to hold up his end of the deal and send Bellick’s body home after he died in the previous episode. However, in "Quiet Riot", he is actively supportive of the mission and seems to genuinely want to bring down The Company. Self's character shows his true colours in the episode "Selfless," where he apparently works with the team as they finally manage to recover the Scylla, but ultimately betrays both them and his government superiors by stealing the recovered Scylla and keeping it for himself. His real character motivation is revealed to be finding a 'buyer' for Scylla, an apparently private interest. Realizing that the needs to find a new buyer after the first one is killed, Self murders his partner, federal agent Miriam Holtz, in cold blood in order to get to T-Bag, a prisoner she was guarding. From this point onwards, the character begins to share a more active role in the plot by being out in the field and appearing in more action-oriented scenes. In the next few episodes, he is an antagonist to Michael and the rest of the team. After faking his death and attempting to frame Michael's team for it in "Deal or No Deal", Self uses T-Bag to track down the family of Gretchen Morgan, a former Company operative that has gone rogue. Self threatens the life of her daughter to gain her co-operation and the two characters share the same plotline for the next few episodes, as they use Gretchen's contacts to find another buyer for Scylla. However, at the end of the episode, Self finds himself with a problem: the mistrust of Michael Scofield, who removed a part of the Scylla device. While his apprehension of T-Bag led to Gretchen and a buyer, he cannot sell Scylla while it is incomplete. Thus, the episode ends with him ultimately demanding the missing part of Scylla from Michael, who instead suggests he "Come and get it". In the next episode, "Just Business" Self seemingly makes a deal with Michael to sell Scylla together, while both parties are actually plotting against each other. Self and Gretchen plants an x-ray device in the warehouse to try to find the missing piece of scylla while the team are planning to take the rest of Scylla back from Self. In the end it is Self who is successful, as he and Gretchen obtains the missing piece and head out to meet Gretchen’s contact, a conduit named Vikan. Self’s character is again shown to be ruthless when, after asking Vikan if the buyer of Scylla is coming, Self shoots Vikan and his bodyguards and tosses their corpse into the sea so that he doesn’t have to share a cut of the money with them. Self is next seen waiting with Gretchen for the Scylla buyer. After getting a call from Gretchen's sister, Rita, Gretchen tells Self that The Company has T-Bag and unfortunately he might have told The Company where they are. So before Lincoln and Sucre could track them, Self and Gretchen destroy their cell phones and flee. They're next seen at a phone store and look injured with bloody scratches on their faces. They buy a new phone and tell the store owner not to tell anyone they were there. They head to the warehouse to wait for the buyer. The buyer arrives and Self and Gretchen hold the buyer at gunpoint. Gretchen forces Self to hand Scylla to the buyer or they will be in grave danger. Self hands over Scylla. They hear noise and Self and Gretchen go to investigate, but are betrayed by the buyer when he points his gun at them and they run for cover and a shootout occurs. The buyer shoots Self in the shoulder and flees with the money and Scylla. Later they are to work with Lincoln and T-Bag to recover Scylla. Self’s character plays a less prominent role in the season’s final episodes, where he works with his new team to find Scylla and track down the new buyer, which turns out to be Lincoln and Michael’s mother, Christina Rose Scofield. When the team fails in their assignment, the general decides to punish them by ordering the death of one of their family members and singles out Self's wife, who is actually alive and in a [[persistent vegetative state]] due to Self's drunk and reckless behavior. Self then escapes, but gets arrested when at the hospital, where one of Christina's men injects him with a serum that gradually leaves him in the same state his wife was in. He refuses to help federal agents with locating Burrows and Scofield because they failed at protecting him, and is left in his vegetative state for the rest of his life. In his final appearance in the epilogue of the Series Finale, set four years after the events of the rest of the episode, Self is revealed to be living at a rest facility, using a wheelchair, mute and drooling. === Jacob Anton Ness/Poseidon === Jacob Anton Ness (played by [[Mark Feuerstein]]) is an economics professor at University of Syracuse, and Sara's second husband and Mike's stepfather. He and Sara were married sometime during the seven years after Michael's supposed death. In the season premiere, he is shot in the leg by someone supposedly sent to kill Sara and Mike due to Lincoln investigating Michael's death, and spends the next two episodes recovering in the hospital. During this time, Sara finds out Michael is still alive under the name Kaniel Outis, and tells him. He tells her that Michael may have succumbed to madness due to the choices he made. After being released, he, Sara and Mike lie low at his parents' lake house per Sara's choice, though he says the university has resources that can be used to find their attackers. T-Bag eventually tracks the attackers to a meeting with him. Sara confronts him on this, and he claims he was paying them off to leave him alone, and later seems to prove this by having them arrested with a tracker in the money, forgiving Sara for her paranoia. However, Michael later reveals him to be "Poseidon", a rogue CIA agent that he has been working for in exchange for exoneration of himself and others. Michael also reveals that he murdered the CIA agent Michael's alias is accused of having murdered. Sara returns to New York and tries to pretend she does not know, but he sees through this immediately, and captures her and Mike. Michael, Lincoln and their contacts try to catch him, and manage to track him to his lake house, but he seemingly turns the tables and has one of his subordinates ambush Michael and Mike, with Sara's fate unknown. He is ultimately caught and incarcerated at Fox River, where he is attacked by T-Bag as retribution for Whip's death. === Sheba === Sheba (played by [[Inbar Lavi]]) is a woman who leads a resistance movement in Yemen, and C-Note's contact when he and Lincoln arrive. She allows the two to visit Ogygia, and later helps them rescue a man who can help them facilitate Michael's escape, as well as his daughter and several schoolgirls, from [[ISIL]]. She and Lincoln later attempt to get fake passports, but are captured, and she is nearly raped by a one-eyed man who had a crush on her in high school, but is saved by Lincoln. She and C-Note bring the people they saved from ISIL to an airport and manage to get on board a small plane, but are forced to leave without Michael, Lincoln and their fellow escapees. They make it to Jordan, and eventually back to the States, where she and C-Note regroup with Michael and Lincoln, and help them track down Poseidon and his subordinates to find Sara and Mike. Eventually, when Michael figures out where they are, Lincoln kisses her and sends her back to take care of the others, claiming he could not forgive himself if something happened to her. === David "Whip' Martin === David "Whip" Martin (played by [[Augustus Prew]]) is first introduced as Michael's cellmate in Ogygia in season 5. He is quickly revealed to know that Michael is not Kaniel Outis, and that he and Michael have been breaking people out of prisons around the world for years. Michael repeatedly calls him his (Michael's) whip-hand, hence his nickname. He is loyal to Michael despite not knowing his real name, but as their time in Ogygia goes on and their escape plan doesn't seem to be working, he starts to become more paranoid that Michael will betray him, which only increases when Abu Ramal, the prisoner they are in Ogygia to break out, is released from solitary confinement. Michael repeatedly tells him he will not leave him, but he continues to be frightened, even fighting Michael and forcing a guard to break them up (though this is part of Michael's plan). He confronts Michael during the escape, where Michael finally reveals his plan to leave Ramal behind, satisfying Whip. However, the escape fails, and he, Michael, Ramal and their cellmate Ja are thrown into solitary confinement, where he starts to become paranoid once again as [[ISIL]] strikes land closer to the prison. After Michael convinces Ramal to help them escape, he and Ja are released from their cells when Michael gets the keys. They try to persuade Michael to leave Ramal behind, but Michael admits he is necessary. Eventually the four escape the prison along with Sid, another inmate, and formulate a plan to double-cross Ramal, but he turns the tables on them. Whip tells Ramal he was arrested for killing a man in a barfight, and when they are surprised by Lincoln, he takes the opportunity to kill Ramal, which ends up backfiring. With ISIL hunting them, he continues to follow Michael, now knowing his real name, despite two of their plans for escape failing. Eventually the group tries to escape across the desert to Phaecia, a small fishing village, and Whip kills several ISIL members following them. He accompanies Michael and Lincoln to [[Crete, Greece]], and expresses his admiration for an injured Michael. He then accompanies them on to a freighter, arranged by Sucre, back to the States. When they are caught by NAVY Seals, he escapes with Michael, Lincoln and Sucre in a life raft, and is taken by fishing boat to France, from where Michael instead sends him to Chicago instead of New York. During this time, it is revealed that his real name is David Martin, and that he was a survivor in prison, which is why Michael chose him as his partner (and the cover story he told Ramal may have been why he was originally incarcerated). In Chicago, he follows coordinates given by Michael to Lake Michigan, where he meets T-Bag. T-Bag reveals that he is in fact his father, which is the reason why he Michael made him his whip-hand. ==See also== *[[List of Prison Break minor characters]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.fox.com/prisonbreak/bios/ Official characters' biographies] at Fox's ''Prison Break'' website {{Prison Break}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Prison Break Characters, List of}} [[Category:Lists of Prison Break characters|Characters]] 2q4xjzud4zyllw39cb1zq1tyox219uo 0 316 816755349 815220117 2017-12-23T12:46:08Z Onel5969 10951369 Disambiguating links to [[Men in Black (disambiguation)]] (link changed to [[Men in Black (1997 film)]]) using [[User:Qwertyytrewqqwerty/DisamAssist|DisamAssist]]. wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}} {{Infobox award | name = Academy Award for Best Production Design | presenter = [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] (AMPAS) | country = United States | year = [[1st Academy Awards|1929]] | holder = [[David and Sandy Reynolds-Wasco|David Wasco]] <br/> [[David and Sandy Reynolds-Wasco|Sandy Reynolds-Wasco]] <br/> ''[[La La Land (film)|La La Land]]'' ([[89th Academy Awards|2016]]) }} The '''[[Academy Award]] for Best Production Design''' recognizes achievement for [[art direction]] in [[art director#In film|film]]. The category's original name was '''Best Art Direction''', but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the [[85th Academy Awards]].<ref name="Music Rules">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2012/20120830.html |title=Music Rules Approved for 85th Academy Awards |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004163009/http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2012/20120830.html |archivedate=2014-10-04 |accessdate=2012-08-31 |work=oscars.org}}</ref> This change resulted from the Art Director's branch of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] (AMPAS) being renamed the Designer's branch. Since [[19th Academy Awards|1947]], the award is shared with the set decorator(s). It is awarded to the best interior design in a film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/best-art-direction-10.html |title=Academy Award for Best Art Direction |last= |first= |date= |website=Awardsandshows.com |access-date=June 4, 2016}}</ref> The films below are listed with their production year (for example, the [[72nd Academy Awards|2000 Academy Award]] for Best Art Direction is given to a film from 1999). In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees. ==Superlatives== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- ! width="150" | Category ! width="150" | Name ! width="150" | Superlative ! width="350" | Notes |- | Most Awards | rowspan="2" | [[Cedric Gibbons]] | 11 awards | Awards resulted from 39 nominations.<ref name="theoscarsite">{{cite web |url=http://theoscarsite.com/whoswho/gibbons_c.htm |title=Cedric Gibbons Biography |accessdate=2010-02-28 |work=theoscarsite.com}}</ref><ref name="findagrave">{{cite web |url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=5912059 |title=Find A Grave: Cedric Gibbons |accessdate=2010-02-28 |work=findagrave.com}}</ref> |- | Most Nominations | 39 nominations | Nominations resulted in 11 awards. |- | Most Nominations <br/> (without ever winning) | [[Roland Anderson]] | 15 nominations | Nominations resulted in no awards. |- |} {{clear}} ==Best Interior Decoration== {{legend|#FAEB86|indicates the winner}} ===1920s=== {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#bebebe" ! width="8%" | Year ! width="19%" | Interior decorator ! width="19%" | Film |- |- | rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | [[1928 in film|1927/28]] <br /> {{small|[[1st Academy Awards|(1st)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | rowspan=2 | '''[[William Cameron Menzies]]''' | '''''[[The Dove (1927 film)|The Dove]]''''' |- |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Tempest (1928 film)|Tempest]]''''' |- | [[Harry Oliver]] | ''[[Seventh Heaven (1927 film)|Seventh Heaven]]'' |- | [[Rochus Gliese]] | ''[[Sunrise (film)|Sunrise]]'' |- | rowspan=7 style="text-align:center" | [[1929 in film|1928/29]] <br /> {{small|[[2nd Academy Awards|(2nd)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Cedric Gibbons]]''' | '''''[[The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1929 film)|The Bridge of San Luis Rey]]''''' |- | [[Mitchell Leisen]] | ''[[Dynamite (1929 film)|Dynamite]]'' |- | rowspan=2 | [[William Cameron Menzies]] | ''[[Alibi (1929 film)|Alibi]]'' |- | ''[[The Awakening (1928 film)|The Awakening]]'' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] | ''[[The Patriot (1928 film)|The Patriot]]'' |- | [[Harry Oliver]] | ''[[Street Angel (1928 film)|Street Angel]]'' |} ===1930s=== {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#bebebe" ! width="8%" | Year ! width="19%" | Interior decorator(s) ! width="19%" | Film |- |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[1930 in film|1929/30]] <br /> {{small|[[3rd Academy Awards|(3rd)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Herman Rosse]]''' | '''''[[King of Jazz]]''''' |- | [[William Cameron Menzies]] | ''[[Bulldog Drummond (1929 film)|Bulldog Drummond]]'' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] | ''[[The Love Parade]]'' |- | [[Jack Okey]] | ''[[Sally (1929 film)|Sally]]'' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] | ''[[The Vagabond King (1930 film)|The Vagabond King]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[1931 in film|1930/31]] <br /> {{small|[[4th Academy Awards|(4th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Max Ree]]''' | '''''[[Cimarron (1931 film)|Cimarron]]''''' |- | [[Stephen Goosson]] <br /> [[Ralph Hammeras]] | ''[[Just Imagine]]'' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] | ''[[Morocco (1930 film)|Morocco]]'' |- | [[Anton Grot]] | ''[[Svengali (1931 film)|Svengali]]'' |- | [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] | ''[[Whoopee! (film)|Whoopee!]]'' |- | rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | [[1932 in film|1931/32]] <br /> {{small|[[5th Academy Awards|(5th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Gordon Wiles]]''' | '''''[[Transatlantic (1931 film)|Transatlantic]]''''' |- | [[Lazare Meerson]] | ''[[À nous la liberté]]'' |- | [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] | ''[[Arrowsmith (film)|Arrowsmith]]'' |- | rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | [[1933 in film|1932/33]] <br /> {{small|[[6th Academy Awards|(6th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[William S. Darling]]''' | '''''[[Cavalcade (1933 film)|Cavalcade]]''''' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Roland Anderson]] | ''[[A Farewell to Arms (1932 film)|A Farewell to Arms]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] | ''[[When Ladies Meet (1933 film)|When Ladies Meet]]'' |- | rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 1934 <br /> {{small|[[7th Academy Awards|(7th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Fredric Hope]]''' | '''''[[The Merry Widow (1934 film)|The Merry Widow]]''''' |- | [[Van Nest Polglase]] <br /> [[Carroll Clark]] | ''[[The Gay Divorcee]]'' |- | [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] | ''[[The Affairs of Cellini]]'' |- | rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 1935 <br /> {{small|[[8th Academy Awards|(8th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]]''' | '''''[[The Dark Angel (1935 film)|The Dark Angel]]''''' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Roland Anderson]] | ''[[The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (film)|The Lives of a Bengal Lancer]]'' |- | [[Carroll Clark]] <br /> [[Van Nest Polglase]] | ''[[Top Hat]]'' |- | rowspan=8 style="text-align:center" | 1936 <br /> {{small|[[9th Academy Awards|(9th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]]''' | '''''[[Dodsworth (film)|Dodsworth]]''''' |- | [[Anton Grot]] | ''[[Anthony Adverse]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Eddie Imazu]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]] | ''[[The Great Ziegfeld]]'' |- | [[William S. Darling]] | ''[[Lloyd's of London (film)|Lloyd's of London]]'' |- | [[Albert S. D'Agostino]] <br /> [[Jack Otterson]] | ''[[The Magnificent Brute]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Frederic Hope]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]] | ''[[Romeo and Juliet (1936 film)|Romeo and Juliet]]'' |- | [[Perry Ferguson]] | ''[[Winterset (film)|Winterset]]'' |- | rowspan=13 style="text-align:center" | 1937 <br /> {{small|[[10th Academy Awards|(10th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Stephen Goosson]]''' | '''''[[Lost Horizon (1937 film)|Lost Horizon]]''''' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[William Horning]] | ''[[Conquest (1937 film)|Conquest]]'' |- | [[Carroll Clark]] | ''[[A Damsel in Distress (film)|A Damsel in Distress]]'' |- | [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] | ''[[Dead End (1937 film)|Dead End]]'' |- | [[Ward Ihnen]] | ''[[Every Day's a Holiday (1937 film)|Every Day's a Holiday]]'' |- | [[Anton Grot]] | ''[[The Life of Emile Zola]]'' |- | [[John Victor MacKay]] | ''[[Manhattan Merry-Go-Round (film)|Manhattan Merry-Go-Round]]'' |- | [[Lyle Wheeler]] | ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda (1937 film)|The Prisoner of Zenda]]'' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Roland Anderson]] | ''[[Souls at Sea]]'' |- | [[Alexander Toluboff]] | ''[[Vogues of 1938]]'' |- | [[William S. Darling]] <br /> [[David S. Hall (art director)|David S. Hall]] | ''[[Wee Willie Winkie (film)|Wee Willie Winkie]]'' |- | [[Jack Otterson]] | ''[[You're a Sweetheart]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1938 <br /> {{small|[[11th Academy Awards|(11th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Carl J. Weyl]]''' | '''''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood (film)|The Adventures of Robin Hood]]''''' |- | [[Lyle Wheeler]] | ''[[The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938 film)|The Adventures of Tom Sawyer]]'' |- | [[Bernard Herzbrun]] <br /> [[Boris Leven]] | ''[[Alexander's Ragtime Band (film)|Alexander's Ragtime Band]]'' |- | [[Alexander Toluboff]] | ''[[Algiers (film)|Algiers]]'' |- | [[Van Nest Polglase]] | ''[[Carefree (film)|Carefree]]'' |- | [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] | ''[[The Goldwyn Follies]]'' |- | [[Stephen Goosson]] <br /> [[Lionel Banks]] | ''[[Holiday (1938 film)|Holiday]]'' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[John B. Goodman (art director)|John B. Goodman]] | ''[[If I Were King]]'' |- | [[Jack Otterson]] | ''[[Mad About Music]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] | ''[[Marie Antoinette (1938 film)|Marie Antoinette]]'' |- | [[Charles D. Hall]] | ''[[Merrily We Live]]'' |- | rowspan=13 style="text-align:center" | 1939 <br /> {{small|[[12th Academy Awards|(12th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Lyle Wheeler]]''' | '''''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]''''' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Robert Odell]] | ''[[Beau Geste (1939 film)|Beau Geste]]'' |- | [[Charles D. Hall]] | ''[[Captain Fury]]'' |- | [[Jack Otterson]] <br /> [[Martin Obzina]] | ''[[First Love (1939 film)|First Love]]'' |- | [[Van Nest Polglase]] <br /> [[Alfred Herman]] | ''[[Love Affair (1939 film)|Love Affair]]'' |- | [[John Victor Mackay]] | ''[[Man of Conquest]]'' |- | [[Lionel Banks]] | ''[[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington]]'' |- | [[Anton Grot]] | ''[[The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex]]'' |- | [[William S. Darling]] <br /> [[George Dudley (art director)|George Dudley]] | ''[[The Rains Came]]'' |- | [[Alexander Toluboff]] | ''[[Stagecoach (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[William A. Horning]] | ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' |- | [[James Basevi]] | ''[[Wuthering Heights (1939 film)|Wuthering Heights]]'' |} ===1940s=== {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#bebebe" ! width="8%" | Year ! width="19%" | Interior decorator(s) ! width="19%" | Film |- |- | rowspan=19 style="text-align:center" | 1940 <br /> {{small|[[13th Academy Awards|(13th)]]}}<ref>From 1940, the award was split into Black-and-white and color.</ref> | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] <br /> [[Paul Groesse]]''' | '''''[[Pride and Prejudice (1940 film)|Pride and Prejudice]]''''' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Robert Usher]] | ''[[Arise, My Love]]'' |- | [[Lionel Banks]] <br /> [[Robert Peterson (art director)|Robert Peterson]] | ''[[Arizona (1940 film)|Arizona]]'' |- | [[Jack Otterson]] | ''[[The Boys from Syracuse (film)|The Boys from Syracuse]]'' |- | [[John Victor Mackay]] | ''[[Dark Command]]'' |- | [[Alexander Golitzen]] | ''[[Foreign Correspondent (film)|Foreign Correspondent]]'' |- | [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] <br /> [[Joseph C. Wright]] | ''[[Lillian Russell (film)|Lillian Russell]]'' |- | [[Van Nest Polglase]] <br /> [[Mark-Lee Kirk]] | ''[[My Favorite Wife]]'' |- | [[John DuCasse Schulze]] | ''[[My Son, My Son (film)|My Son, My Son]]'' |- | [[Lewis J. Rachmil]] | ''[[Our Town (1940 film)|Our Town]]'' |- | [[Lyle Wheeler]] | ''[[Rebecca (1940 film)|Rebecca]]'' |- | [[Anton Grot]] | ''[[The Sea Hawk (1940 film)|The Sea Hawk]]'' |- | [[James Basevi]] | ''[[The Westerner (film)|The Westerner]]'' |- | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | [[Vincent Korda]] | ''[[The Thief of Bagdad (1940 film)|The Thief of Bagdad]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[John S. Detlie]] | ''[[Bitter Sweet (1940 film)|Bitter Sweet]]'' |- | [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] <br /> [[Joseph C. Wright]] | ''[[Down Argentine Way]]'' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Roland Anderson]] | ''[[Northwest Mounted Police (film)|North West Mounted Police]]'' |- | rowspan=17 style="text-align:center" | 1941 <br /> {{small|[[14th Academy Awards|(14th)]]}} | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | [[Richard Day (art director)|'''Richard Day''']] '''<br /> [[Nathan H. Juran]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]]''' | '''''[[How Green Was My Valley (film)|How Green Was My Valley]]''''' |- | [[Perry Ferguson]] <br /> [[Van Nest Polglase]] <br /> [[Al Fields]] <br /> [[Darrell Silvera]] | ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' |- | [[Martin Obzina]] <br /> [[Jack Otterson]] <br /> [[Russell A. Gausman]] | ''[[The Flame of New Orleans]]'' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Robert Usher]] <br /> [[Samuel M. Comer]] | ''[[Hold Back the Dawn]]'' |- | [[Lionel Banks]] <br /> [[George Montgomery (set decorator)|George Montgomery]] | ''[[Ladies in Retirement]]'' |- | [[Stephen Goosson]] <br /> [[Howard Bristol]] | ''[[The Little Foxes (film)|The Little Foxes]]'' |- | [[John Hughes (art director)|John Hughes]] <br /> [[Fred M. MacLean]] | ''[[Sergeant York (film)|Sergeant York]]'' |- | N/A (nomination withdrawn) | ''[[Sis Hopkins (1941 film)|Sis Hopkins]]'' |- | [[John DuCasse Schultze]] <br /> [[Edward G. Boyle]] | ''[[Son of Monte Cristo]]'' |- | [[Alexander Golitzen]] <br /> [[Richard Irvine]] | ''[[Sundown (1941 film)|Sundown]]'' |- | [[Vincent Korda]] <br /> [[Julia Heron]] | ''[[That Hamilton Woman]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Randall Duell]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]] | ''[[When Ladies Meet (1941 film)|When Ladies Meet]]'' |- | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Urie McCleary]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]]''' | '''''[[Blossoms in the Dust]]''''' |- | [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] <br /> [[Joseph C. Wright]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]] | ''[[Blood and Sand (1941 film)|Blood and Sand]]'' |- | [[Raoul Pene Du Bois]] <br /> [[Stephen A. Seymour]] | ''[[Louisiana Purchase (film)|Louisiana Purchase]]'' |- | rowspan=17 style="text-align:center" | 1942 <br /> {{small|[[15th Academy Awards|(15th)]]}} | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] <br /> [[Joseph Wright (art director)|Joseph Wright]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]]''' | '''''[[This Above All (film)|This Above All]]''''' |- | [[Max Parker]] <br /> [[Mark-Lee Kirk]] <br /> [[Casey Roberts]] | ''[[George Washington Slept Here]]'' |- | [[Albert S. D'Agostino]] <br /> [[Al Fields]] <br /> [[Darrell Silvera]] | ''[[The Magnificent Ambersons (film)|The Magnificent Ambersons]]'' |- | [[Perry Ferguson]] <br /> [[Howard Bristol]] | ''[[The Pride of the Yankees]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Randall Duell]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Jack D. Moore|Jack Moore]] | ''[[Random Harvest (film)|Random Harvest]]'' |- | [[Boris Leven]] | ''[[The Shanghai Gesture]]'' |- | [[Ralph Berger]] <br /> [[Emile Kuri]] | ''[[Silver Queen]]'' |- | [[John B. Goodman (art director)|John B. Goodman]] <br /> [[Jack Otterson]] <br /> [[Russell A. Gausman]] <br /> [[Edward Ray Robinson]] | ''[[The Spoilers (1942 film)|The Spoilers]]'' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Roland Anderson]] <br /> [[Samuel M. Comer]] | ''[[Take a Letter, Darling]]'' |- | [[Lionel Banks]] <br /> [[Rudolph Sternad]] <br /> [[Fay Babcock]] | ''[[The Talk of the Town (1942 film)|The Talk of the Town]]'' |- | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] <br /> [[Joseph Wright (art director)|Joseph Wright]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]]''' | '''''[[My Gal Sal]]''''' |- | [[Alexander Golitzen]] <br /> [[Jack Otterson]] <br /> [[Russell A. Gausman]] <br /> [[Ira S. Webb]] | ''[[Arabian Nights (1942 film)|Arabian Nights]]'' |- | [[Ted Smith (art director)|Ted Smith]] <br /> [[Casey Roberts]] | ''[[Captains of the Clouds]]'' |- | [[Vincent Korda]] <br /> [[Julia Heron]] | ''[[Jungle Book (1942 film)|Jungle Book]]'' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Roland Anderson]] <br /> [[George Sawley]] | ''[[Reap the Wild Wind]]'' |- | rowspan=13 style="text-align:center" | 1943 <br /> {{small|[[16th Academy Awards|(16th)]]}} | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[James Basevi]] <br /> [[William S. Darling]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]]''' | '''''[[The Song of Bernadette (film)|The Song of Bernadette]]''''' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Ernst Fegte]] <br /> [[Bertram Granger]] | ''[[Five Graves to Cairo]]'' |- | [[Albert S. D'Agostino]] <br /> [[Carroll Clark]] <br /> [[Darrell Silvera]] <br /> [[Harley Miller]] | ''[[Flight for Freedom]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Paul Groesse]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Hugh Hunt]] | ''[[Madame Curie (film)|Madame Curie]]'' |- | [[Carl Weyl]] <br /> [[George J. Hopkins]] | ''[[Mission to Moscow]]'' |- | [[Perry Ferguson]] <br /> [[Howard Bristol]] | ''[[The North Star (1943 film)|The North Star]]'' |- | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Alexander Golitzen]] <br /> [[John B. Goodman (art director)|John B. Goodman]] <br /> [[Russell A. Gausman]] <br /> [[Ira S. Webb]]''' | '''''[[Phantom of the Opera (1943 film)|Phantom of the Opera]]''''' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Haldane Douglas]] <br /> [[Bertram Granger]] | ''[[For Whom the Bell Tolls (film)|For Whom the Bell Tolls]]'' |- | [[James Basevi]] <br /> [[Joseph C. Wright]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]] | ''[[The Gang's All Here (1943 film)|The Gang's All Here]]'' |- | [[John Hughes (art director)|John Hughes]] <br /> [[George J. Hopkins]] | ''[[This Is the Army]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Daniel Cathcart]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Jacques Mersereau]] | ''[[Thousands Cheer]]'' |- | rowspan=18 style="text-align:center" | 1944 <br /> {{small|[[17th Academy Awards|(17th)]]}} | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[William Ferrari]] <br /> [[Paul Huldschinsky]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]]''' | '''''[[Gaslight (1944 film)|Gaslight]]''''' |- | [[Lionel Banks]] <br /> [[Walter Holscher]] <br /> [[Joseph Kish]] | ''[[Address Unknown (1944 film)|Address Unknown]]'' |- | [[John Hughes (art director)|John Hughes]] <br /> [[Fred M. MacLean]] | ''[[The Adventures of Mark Twain (1944 film)|The Adventures of Mark Twain]]'' |- | [[Perry Ferguson]] <br /> [[Julia Heron]] | ''[[Casanova Brown]]'' |- | [[Lyle Wheeler]] <br /> [[Leland Fuller]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]] | ''[[Laura (1944 film)|Laura]]'' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Robert Usher]] <br /> [[Samuel M. Comer]] | ''[[No Time for Love (1943 film)|No Time for Love]]'' |- | [[Mark-Lee Kirk]] <br /> [[Victor A. Gangelin]] | ''[[Since You Went Away]]'' |- | N/A (nomination withdrawn) | ''[[Song of the Open Road]]'' |- | [[Albert S. D'Agostino]] <br /> [[Carroll Clark]] <br /> [[Darrell Silvera]] <br /> [[Claude Carpenter]] | ''[[Step Lively (1944 film)|Step Lively]]'' |- | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Wiard Ihnen]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]]''' | '''''[[Wilson (1944 film)|Wilson]]''''' |- | [[John B. Goodman (art director)|John B. Goodman]] <br /> [[Alexander Golitzen]] <br /> [[Russell A. Gausman]] <br /> [[Ira S. Webb]] | ''[[The Climax]]'' |- | [[Lionel Banks]] <br /> [[Cary Odell]] <br /> [[Fay Babcock]] | ''[[Cover Girl (film)|Cover Girl]]'' |- | [[Charles Novi]] <br /> [[Jack McConaghy]] | ''[[The Desert Song (1943 film)|The Desert Song]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Daniel B. Cathcart]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Richard Pefferle]] | ''[[Kismet (1944 film)|Kismet]]'' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Raoul Pene du Bois]] <br /> [[Ray Moyer]] | ''[[Lady in the Dark (film)|Lady in the Dark]]'' |- | [[Ernst Fegte]] <br /> [[Howard Bristol]] | ''[[The Princess and the Pirate]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1945 <br /> {{small|[[18th Academy Awards|(18th)]]}} | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Wiard Ihnen]] <br /> [[A. Roland Fields]]''' | '''''[[Blood on the Sun]]''''' |- | [[Albert S. D'Agostino]] <br /> [[Jack Okey]] <br /> [[Darrell Silvera]] <br /> [[Claude Carpenter]] | ''[[Experiment Perilous]]'' |- | [[James Basevi]] <br /> [[William S. Darling]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]] <br /> [[Frank E. Hughes]] | ''[[The Keys of the Kingdom (film)|The Keys of the Kingdom]]'' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Roland Anderson]] <br /> [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Ray Moyer]] | ''[[Love Letters (1945 film)|Love Letters]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Hans Peters (art director)|Hans Peters]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[John Bonar]] <br /> [[Hugh Hunt]] | ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945 film)|The Picture of Dorian Gray]]'' |- | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Ernst Fegte]] <br /> [[Samuel M. Comer]]''' | '''''[[Frenchman's Creek (film)|Frenchman's Creek]]''''' |- | [[Lyle Wheeler]] <br /> [[Maurice Ransford]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]] | ''[[Leave Her to Heaven]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Urie McCleary]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Mildred Griffiths]] | ''[[National Velvet (film)|National Velvet]]'' |- | [[Ted Smith (art director)|Ted Smith]] <br /> [[Jack McConaghy]] | ''[[San Antonio (film)|San Antonio]]'' |- | [[Stephen Goosson]] <br /> [[Rudolph Sternad]] <br /> [[Frank Tuttle (set decorator)|Frank Tuttle]] | ''[[A Thousand and One Nights (1945 film)|A Thousand and One Nights]]'' |- | rowspan=8 style="text-align:center" | 1946 <br /> {{small|[[19th Academy Awards|(19th)]]}} | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[William S. Darling]] <br /> [[Lyle Wheeler]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]] <br /> [[Frank E. Hughes]]''' | '''''[[Anna and the King of Siam (film)|Anna and the King of Siam]]''''' |- | [[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Walter H. Tyler]] <br /> [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Ray Moyer]] | ''[[Kitty (1945 film)|Kitty]]'' |- | [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] <br /> [[Nathan H. Juran]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]] <br /> [[Paul S. Fox]] | ''[[The Razor's Edge (1946 film)|The Razor's Edge]]'' |- | colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Paul Groesse]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]]''' | '''''[[The Yearling (film)|The Yearling]]''''' |- | [[John Bryan (art director)|John Bryan]] | ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (1945 film)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'' |- | [[Paul Sheriff]] <br /> [[Carmen Dillon]] | ''[[Henry V (1944 film)|Henry V]]'' |} ==Best Art Direction &ndash; Set Decoration== {{legend|#FAEB86|indicates the winner}} ===1940s=== {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#bebebe" ! width="8%" | Year ! width="19%" | Art director(s) ! width="19%" | Set decorator(s) ! width="19%" | Film |- |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1947 <br /> {{small|[[20th Academy Awards|(20th)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Wilfred Shingleton]]''' | '''[[John Bryan (art director)|John Bryan]]''' | '''''[[Great Expectations (1946 film)|Great Expectations]]''''' |- | [[Lyle Wheeler]] <br /> [[Maurice Ransford]] | [[Thomas Little]] <br /> [[Paul S. Fox]] | ''[[The Foxes of Harrow]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Alfred Junge]]''' | align="center"|'''—''' | '''''[[Black Narcissus]]''''' |- | [[Robert M. Haas]] | [[George James Hopkins]] | ''[[Life with Father (film)|Life with Father]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1948 <br /> {{small|[[21st Academy Awards|(21st)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Carmen Dillon]]''' | '''[[Roger K. Furse]]''' | '''''[[Hamlet (1948 film)|Hamlet]]''''' |- | [[Robert Haas (director)|Robert Haas]] | [[William O. Wallace]] | ''[[Johnny Belinda (1948 film)|Johnny Belinda]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Arthur Lawson (designer)|Arthur Lawson]]''' | '''[[Hein Heckroth]]''' | '''''[[The Red Shoes (1948 film)|The Red Shoes]]''''' |- | [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] | [[Edwin Casey Roberts]] <br /> [[Joseph Kish]] | ''[[Joan of Arc (1948 film)|Joan of Arc]]'' |- | rowspan=8 style="text-align:center" | 1949 <br /> {{small|[[22nd Academy Awards|(22nd)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Harry Horner]] <br /> [[John Meehan (art director)|John Meehan]]''' | '''[[Emile Kuri]]''' | '''''[[The Heiress]]''''' |- | [[Lyle Wheeler]] <br /> [[Joseph C. Wright]] | [[Thomas Little]] <br /> [[Paul S. Fox]] | ''[[Come to the Stable]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Jack Martin Smith]] | [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Richard A. Pefferle]] | ''[[Madame Bovary (1949 film)|Madame Bovary]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Paul Groesse]]''' | '''[[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Jack D. Moore]]''' | '''''[[Little Women (1949 film)|Little Women]]''''' |- | [[Edward Carrere]] | [[Lyle Reifsnider]] | ''[[Adventures of Don Juan]]'' |- | [[Jim Morahan]] <br /> [[William Kellner]] | [[Michael Relph]] | ''[[Saraband for Dead Lovers]]'' |} ===1950s=== {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#bebebe" ! width="8%" | Year ! width="19%" | Art director(s) ! width="19%" | Set decorator(s) ! width="19%" | Film |- |- | rowspan=8 style="text-align:center" | 1950 <br /> {{small|[[23rd Academy Awards|(23rd)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[John Meehan (art director)|John Meehan]]''' | '''[[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Ray Moyer]]''' | '''''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]''''' |- | [[George Davis (art director)|George W. Davis]] <br /> [[Lyle Wheeler|Lyle R. Wheeler]] | [[Thomas Little]] <br /> [[Walter M. Scott]] | ''[[All About Eve]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Hans Peters (art director)|Hans Peters]] | [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Hugh Hunt]] | ''[[The Red Danube]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Hans Dreier]] <br /> [[Walter H. Tyler|Walter Tyler]]''' | '''[[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Ray Moyer]]''' | '''''[[Samson and Delilah (1949 film)|Samson and Delilah]]''''' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Paul Groesse]] | [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Richard A. Pefferle]] | ''[[Annie Get Your Gun (film)|Annie Get Your Gun]]'' |- | [[Ernst Fegté]] | [[George Sawley]] | ''[[Destination Moon (film)|Destination Moon]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1951 <br /> {{small|[[24th Academy Awards|(24th)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]]''' | '''[[George James Hopkins]]''' | '''''[[A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)|A Streetcar Named Desire]]''''' |- | [[Leland Fuller]] <br /> [[Lyle Wheeler]] | [[Thomas Little]] <br /> [[Fred J. Rode]] | ''[[Fourteen Hours]]'' |- | [[John DeCuir]] <br /> [[Lyle Wheeler]] | [[Paul S. Fox]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]] | ''[[House on Telegraph Hill]]'' |- | [[Jean d'Eaubonne]] | align="center"|— | ''[[La Ronde (1950 film)|La Ronde]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Paul Groesse]] | [[Edwin B. Wills]] <br /> [[Jack D. Moore]] | ''[[Too Young to Kiss]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[E. Preston Ames]] <br /> [[Cedric Gibbons]]''' | '''[[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Keogh Gleason]]''' | '''''[[An American in Paris (film)|An American in Paris]]''''' |- | [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] <br /> [[Lyle Wheeler]] | [[Paul S. Fox]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]] | ''[[David and Bathsheba (film)|David and Bathsheba]]'' |- | [[Leland Fuller]] <br /> [[Lyle Wheeler]] | [[Thomas Little]] <br /> [[Walter M. Scott]] | ''[[On the Riviera]]'' |- | [[Edward Carfagno]] <br /> [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[William A. Horning]] | [[Hugh Hunt]] | ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'' |- | [[Hein Heckroth]] | align="center"|— | ''[[The Tales of Hoffmann (film)|The Tales of Hoffmann]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1952 <br /> {{small|[[25th Academy Awards|(25th)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Edward Carfagno]] <br /> [[Cedric Gibbons]]''' | '''[[Keogh Gleason]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]]''' | '''''[[The Bad and the Beautiful]]''''' |- | [[Roland Anderson]] <br /> [[Hal Pereira]] | [[Emile Kuri]] | ''[[Carrie (1952 film)|Carrie]]'' |- | [[John DeCuir]] <br /> [[Lyle Wheeler]] | [[Walter M. Scott]] | ''[[My Cousin Rachel (1952 film)|My Cousin Rachel]]'' |- | [[So Matsuyama]] | [[H. Motsumoto]] | ''[[Rashomon (film)|Rashōmon]]'' |- | [[Leland Fuller]] <br /> [[Lyle Wheeler]] | [[Claude Carpenter]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]] | ''[[Viva Zapata!]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Marcel Vertès]]''' | '''[[Paul Sheriff]]''' | '''''[[Moulin Rouge (1952 film)|Moulin Rouge]]''''' |- | [[Antoni Clavé|Clavé]] <br /> [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] | [[Howard Bristol]] | ''[[Hans Christian Andersen (film)|Hans Christian Andersen]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Paul Groesse]] | [[Arthur Krams]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]] | ''[[The Merry Widow (1952 film)|The Merry Widow]]'' |- | [[Frank Hotaling]] | [[John McCarthy, Jr.]] <br /> [[Charles S. Thompson]] | ''[[The Quiet Man]]'' |- | [[John DeCuir]] <br /> [[Lyle Wheeler]] | [[Paul S. Fox]] <br /> [[Thomas Little]] | ''[[The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952 film)|The Snows of Kilimanjaro]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1953 <br /> {{small|[[26th Academy Awards|(26th)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Edward Carfagno]] <br /> [[Cedric Gibbons]]''' | '''[[Hugh Hunt]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]]''' | '''''[[Julius Caesar (1953 film)|Julius Caesar]]''''' |- | [[Paul Markwitz]] <br /> [[Fritz Maurischat]] | align="center"|— | ''[[Martin Luther (1953 film)|Martin Luther]]'' |- | [[Leland Fuller]] <br /> [[Lyle Wheeler]] | [[Paul S. Fox]] | ''[[The President's Lady]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Walter H. Tyler|Walter Tyler]] | align="center"|— | ''[[Roman Holiday (1953 film)|Roman Holiday]]'' |- | [[Maurice Ransford]] <br /> [[Lyle Wheeler]] | [[Stuart Reiss]] | ''[[Titanic (1953 film)|Titanic]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] <br /> [[Lyle Wheeler]]''' | '''[[Paul S. Fox]] <br /> [[Walter M. Scott]]''' | '''''[[The Robe (film)|The Robe]]''''' |- | [[Alfred Junge]] <br /> [[Hans Peters (art director)|Hans Peters]] | [[John Jarvis (set decorator)|John Jarvis]] | ''[[Knights of the Round Table (film)|Knights of the Round Table]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Paul Groesse]] | [[Arthur Krams]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]] | ''[[Lili]]'' |- | [[E. Preston Ames]] <br /> [[Edward Carfagno]] <br /> [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Gabriel Scognamillo]] | [[Keogh Gleason]] <br /> [[Arthur Krams]] <br /> [[Jack D. Moore]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]] | ''[[The Story of Three Loves]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Urie McCleary]] | [[Jack D. Moore]] <br /> [[Edwin B. Willis]] | ''[[Young Bess]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1954 <br /> {{small|[[27th Academy Awards|(27th)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]]''' | align="center"|'''—''' | '''''[[On the Waterfront]]''''' |- | [[Roland Anderson]] <br /> [[Hal Pereira]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Grace Gregory]] | ''[[The Country Girl (1954 film)|The Country Girl]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Edward Carfagno]] | [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Emile Kuri]] | ''[[Executive Suite]]'' |- | [[Max Ophüls]] | align="center"|— | ''[[Le Plaisir]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Walter H. Tyler|Walter Tyler]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Ray Moyer]] | ''[[Sabrina (1954 film)|Sabrina]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[John Meehan (art director)|John Meehan]]''' | '''[[Emile Kuri]]''' | '''''[[20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)|20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]]''''' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[E. Preston Ames]] | [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Keogh Gleason]] | ''[[Brigadoon (film)|Brigadoon]]'' |- | [[Lyle Wheeler]] <br /> [[Leland Fuller]] | [[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[Paul S. Fox]] | ''[[Désirée (film)|Désirée]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Roland Anderson]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Ray Moyer]] | ''[[Red Garters (film)|Red Garters]]'' |- | [[Malcolm Bert]] <br /> [[Gene Allen (art director)|Gene Allen]] | [[Irene Sharaff]] <br /> [[George James Hopkins]] | ''[[A Star Is Born (1954 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1955 <br /> {{small|[[28th Academy Awards|(28th)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Tambi Larsen]]''' | '''[[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Arthur Krams]]''' | '''''[[The Rose Tattoo (film)|The Rose Tattoo]]''''' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Randall Duell]] | [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Henry Grace]] | ''[[Blackboard Jungle]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Malcolm Brown (art director)|Malcolm Brown]] | [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Hugh B. Hunt]] | ''[[I'll Cry Tomorrow]]'' |- | [[Joseph C. Wright]] | [[Darrell Silvera]] | ''[[The Man with the Golden Arm]]'' |- | [[Edward S. Haworth]] <br /> [[Walter Simonds]] | [[Robert Priestley]] | ''[[Marty (film)|Marty]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[William Flannery]]''' | '''[[Jo Mielziner]] <br /> [[Robert Priestley]]''' | '''''[[Picnic (1955 film)|Picnic]]''''' |- | [[Lyle Wheeler]] <br /> [[John DeCuir]] | [[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[Paul S. Fox]] | ''[[Daddy Long Legs (1955 film)|Daddy Long Legs]]'' |- | [[Oliver Smith (designer)|Oliver Smith]] <br /> [[Joseph C. Wright]] | [[Howard Bristol]] | ''[[Guys and Dolls (film)|Guys and Dolls]]'' |- | [[Lyle Wheeler]] <br /> [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] | [[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[Jack Stubbs]] | ''[[Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing (film)|Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Joseph McMillan Johnson]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Arthur Krams]] | ''[[To Catch a Thief]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1956 <br /> {{small|[[29th Academy Awards|(29th)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Malcolm F. Brown]]''' | '''[[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[F. Keogh Gleason]]''' | '''''[[Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956 film)|Somebody Up There Likes Me]]''''' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[A. Earl Hedrick]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Frank R. McKelvy]] | ''[[The Proud and Profane]]'' |- | [[So Matsuyama]] | align="center"|— | ''[[Seven Samurai]]'' |- | [[Ross Bellah]] | [[William R. Kiernan]] <br /> [[Louis Diage]] | ''[[The Solid Gold Cadillac]]'' |- | [[Lyle R. Wheeler]] <br /> [[Jack Martin Smith]] | [[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[Stuart A. Reiss]] | ''[[Teenage Rebel]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Lyle R. Wheeler]] <br /> [[John DeCuir]]''' | '''[[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[Paul S. Fox]]''' | '''''[[The King and I (1956 film)|The King and I]]''''' |- | [[James W. Sullivan]] <br /> [[Ken Adam]] | [[Ross J. Dowd]] | ''[[Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]'' |- | [[Boris Leven]] | [[Ralph S. Hurst]] | ''[[Giant (1956 film)|Giant]]'' |- | [[Cedric Gibbons]] <br /> [[Hans Peters (art director)|Hans Peters]] <br /> [[E. Preston Ames]] | [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[F. Keogh Gleason]] | ''[[Lust for Life (film)|Lust for Life]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Walter H. Tyler]] <br /> [[Albert Nozaki]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Ray Moyer]] | ''[[The Ten Commandments (1956 film)|The Ten Commandments]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1957 <br /> {{small|[[30th Academy Awards|(30th)]]}}<ref>From 1957, the two awards were combined.</ref> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | [[Ted Haworth]] | [[Robert Priestley]] | ''[[Sayonara]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Ray Moyer]] | ''[[Funny Face]]'' |- | [[William A. Horning]] <br /> [[Gene Allen (art director)|Gene Allen]] | [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Richard Pefferle]] | ''[[Les Girls]]'' |- | [[Walter Holscher]] | [[William Kiernan]] <br /> [[Louis Diage]] | ''[[Pal Joey (film)|Pal Joey]]'' |- | [[William A. Horning]] <br /> [[Urie McCleary]] | [[Edwin B. Willis]] <br /> [[Hugh Hunt]] | ''[[Raintree County (film)|Raintree County]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1958 <br /> {{small|[[31st Academy Awards|(31st)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[William A. Horning]] {{small|([[List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees|posthumous award]])}} <br /> [[E. Preston Ames]]''' | '''[[Henry Grace]] <br /> [[F. Keogh Gleason]]''' | '''''[[Gigi (1958 film)|Gigi]]''''' |- | [[Malcolm Bert]] | [[George James Hopkins]] | ''[[Auntie Mame (film)|Auntie Mame]]'' |- | [[Cary Odell]] | [[Louis Diage]] | ''[[Bell, Book and Candle]]'' |- | [[Lyle R. Wheeler]] <br /> [[John DeCuir]] | [[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[Paul S. Fox]] | ''[[A Certain Smile (film)|A Certain Smile]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Henry Bumstead]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Frank McKelvy]] | ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1959 <br /> {{small|[[32nd Academy Awards|(32nd)]]}}<ref>In 1959, the awards were again split in two.</ref> | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Lyle R. Wheeler]] <br /> [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]]''' | '''[[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[Stuart A. Reiss]]''' | '''''[[The Diary of Anne Frank (1959 film)|The Diary of Anne Frank]]''''' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Walter H. Tyler|Walter Tyler]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Arthur Krams]] | ''[[Career (1959 film)|Career]]'' |- | [[Carl Anderson (art director)|Carl Anderson]] | [[William Kiernan]] | ''[[The Last Angry Man]]'' |- | [[Ted Haworth]] | [[Edward G. Boyle]] | ''[[Some Like It Hot]]'' |- | [[Oliver Messel]] <br /> [[William Kellner]] | [[Scott Slimon]] | ''[[Suddenly, Last Summer (film)|Suddenly, Last Summer]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[William A. Horning]] {{small|([[List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees|posthumous award]])}} <br /> [[Edward Carfagno]]''' | '''[[Hugh Hunt]]''' | '''''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]''''' |- | [[John De Cuir]] | [[Julia Heron]] | ''[[The Big Fisherman]]'' |- | [[Lyle R. Wheeler]] <br /> [[Franz Bachelin]] <br /> [[Herman A. Blumenthal]] | [[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[Joseph Kish]] | ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959 film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'' |- | [[William A. Horning]] {{small|([[List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees|posthumous nomination]])}} <br /> [[Robert F. Boyle]] <br /> [[Merrill Pye]] | [[Henry Grace]] <br /> [[Frank McKelvy]] | ''[[North by Northwest]]'' |- | [[Richard H. Riedel]] {{small|([[List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees|posthumous nomination]])}} | [[Russell A. Gausman]] <br /> [[Ruby R. Levitt]] | ''[[Pillow Talk (film)|Pillow Talk]]'' |} ===1960s=== {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#bebebe" ! width="8%" | Year ! width="19%" | Art director(s) ! width="19%" | Set decorator(s) ! width="19%" | Film |- |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1960 <br /> {{small|[[33rd Academy Awards|(33rd)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Alexander Trauner]]''' | '''[[Edward G. Boyle]]''' | '''''[[The Apartment]]''''' |- | [[Joseph McMillan Johnson]] <br /> [[Kenneth A. Reid]] | [[Ross Dowd]] | ''[[The Facts of Life (film)|The Facts of Life]]'' |- | [[Joseph Hurley (art director)|Joseph Hurley]] <br /> [[Robert Clatworthy (art director)|Robert Clatworthy]] | [[George Milo]] | ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' |- | [[Tom Morahan]] | [[Lionel Couch]] | ''[[Sons and Lovers (1960 film)|Sons and Lovers]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Walter H. Tyler|Walter Tyler]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Arthur Krams]] | ''[[Visit to a Small Planet]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Harry Horner]]''' | '''[[Russell A. Gausman]] <br /> [[Julia Heron]]''' | '''''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]''''' |- | [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] <br /> [[Addison Hehr]] | [[Henry Grace]] <br /> [[Hugh Hunt]] <br /> [[Otto Siegel]] | ''[[Cimarron (1960 film)|Cimarron]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Roland Anderson]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Arrigo Breschi]] | ''[[It Started in Naples]]'' |- | [[Ted Haworth]] | [[William Kiernan]] | ''[[Pepe (film)|Pepe]]'' |- | [[Edward Carrere]] | [[George James Hopkins]] | ''[[Sunrise at Campobello]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1961 <br /> {{small|[[34th Academy Awards|(34th)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Alexander Trauner]]''' | '''[[Gene Callahan (production designer)|Gene Callahan]]''' | '''''[[The Hustler (film)|The Hustler]]''''' |- | [[Carroll Clark]] | [[Emile Kuri]] <br /> [[Hal Gausman]] | ''[[The Absent-Minded Professor]]'' |- | [[Fernando Carrere]] | [[Edward G. Boyle]] | ''[[The Children's Hour (1961 film)|The Children's Hour]]'' |- | [[Rudolf Sternad]] | [[George Milo]] | ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]'' |- | [[Piero Gherardi]] | align="center"|— | ''[[La Dolce Vita]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Boris Leven]]''' | '''[[Victor A. Gangelin]]''' | '''''[[West Side Story (film)|West Side Story]]''''' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Roland Anderson]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Ray Moyer]] | ''[[Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)|Breakfast at Tiffany's]]'' |- | [[Veniero Colasanti]] <br /> [[John Moore (designer)|John Moore]] | align="center"|— | ''[[El Cid (film)|El Cid]]'' |- | [[Alexander Golitzen]] <br /> [[Joseph Wright (art director)|Joseph Wright]] | [[Howard Bristol]] | ''[[Flower Drum Song (film)|Flower Drum Song]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Walter H. Tyler|Walter Tyler]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Arthur Krams]] | ''[[Summer and Smoke (film)|Summer and Smoke]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1962 <br /> {{small|[[35th Academy Awards|(35th)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Alexander Golitzen]] <br /> [[Henry Bumstead]]''' | '''[[Oliver Emert]]''' | '''''[[To Kill a Mockingbird (film)|To Kill a Mockingbird]]''''' |- | [[Joseph Wright (art director)|Joseph Wright]] | [[George James Hopkins]] | ''[[Days of Wine and Roses (film)|Days of Wine and Roses]]'' |- | [[Ted Haworth]] <br /> [[Léon Barsacq]] <br /> [[Vincent Korda]] | [[Gabriel Bechir]] | ''[[The Longest Day (film)|The Longest Day]]'' |- | [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] <br /> [[Edward Carfagno]] | [[Henry Grace]] <br /> [[Dick Pefferle]] | ''[[Period of Adjustment (film)|Period of Adjustment]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Roland Anderson]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Frank R. McKelvy]] | ''[[The Pigeon That Took Rome]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[John Box]] <br /> [[John Stoll]]''' | '''[[Dario Simoni]]''' | '''''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''''' |- | [[Paul Groesse]] | [[George James Hopkins]] | ''[[The Music Man (1962 film)|The Music Man]]'' |- | [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] <br /> [[J. McMillan Johnson]] | [[Henry Grace]] <br /> [[Hugh Hunt]] | ''[[Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)|Mutiny on the Bounty]]'' |- | [[Alexander Golitzen]] <br /> [[Robert Clatworthy (art director)|Robert Clatworthy]] | [[George Milo]] | ''[[That Touch of Mink]]'' |- | [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] <br /> [[Edward Carfagno]] | [[Henry Grace]] <br /> [[Dick Pefferle]] | ''[[The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1963 <br /> {{small|[[36th Academy Awards|(36th)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Gene Callahan (motion picture art director)|Gene Callahan]]''' | align="center"|'''—''' | '''''[[America America]]''''' |- | [[Piero Gherardi]] | align="center"|— | ''[[8½]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Tambi Larsen]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Robert R. Benton]] | ''[[Hud (1963 film)|Hud]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Roland Anderson]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Grace Gregory]] | ''[[Love with the Proper Stranger]]'' |- | [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] <br /> [[Paul Groesse]] | [[Henry Grace]] <br /> [[Hugh Hunt]] | ''[[Twilight of Honor]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[John DeCuir]] <br /> [[Jack Martin Smith]] <br /> [[Hilyard Brown]] <br /> [[Herman Blumenthal]] <br /> [[Elven Webb]] <br /> [[Maurice Pelling]] <br /> [[Boris Juraga]]''' | '''[[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[Paul S. Fox]] <br /> [[Ray Moyer]]''' | '''''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]''''' |- | [[Lyle Wheeler]] | [[Gene Callahan (motion picture art director)|Gene Callahan]] | ''[[The Cardinal]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Roland Anderson]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[James W. Payne]] | ''[[Come Blow Your Horn (film)|Come Blow Your Horn]]'' |- | [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] <br /> [[William Ferrari]] {{small|([[List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees|posthumous nomination]])}} <br /> [[Addison Hehr]] | [[Henry Grace]] <br /> [[Don Greenwood Jr.]] <br /> [[Jack Mills (art director)|Jack Mills]] | ''[[How the West Was Won (film)|How the West Was Won]]'' |- | [[Ralph Brinton]] <br /> [[Ted Marshall]] | [[Jocelyn Herbert]] <br /> [[Josie MacAvin]] | ''[[Tom Jones (1963 film)|Tom Jones]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1964 <br /> {{small|[[37th Academy Awards|(37th)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Vassilis Fotopoulos]]''' | align="center"|'''—''' | '''''[[Zorba the Greek (film)|Zorba the Greek]]''''' |- | [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] <br /> [[Hans Peters (art director)|Hans Peters]] <br /> [[Elliot Scott]] | [[Henry Grace]] <br /> [[Robert R. Benton]] | ''[[The Americanization of Emily]]'' |- | [[William Glasgow]] | [[Raphael Bretton]] | ''[[Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte]]'' |- | [[Stephen Grimes]] | align="center"|— | ''[[The Night of the Iguana (film)|The Night of the Iguana]]'' |- | [[Cary Odell]] | [[Edward G. Boyle]] | ''[[Seven Days in May]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Gene Allen (art director)|Gene Allen]] <br /> [[Cecil Beaton]]''' | '''[[George James Hopkins]]''' | '''''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]''''' |- | [[John Bryan (art director)|John Bryan]] <br /> [[Maurice Carter (film designer)|Maurice Carter]] | [[Patrick McLoughlin (set decorator)|Patrick McLoughlin]] <br /> [[Robert Cartwright]] | ''[[Becket (1964 film)|Becket]]'' |- | [[Carroll Clark]] <br /> [[William H. Tuntke]] | [[Emile Kuri]] <br /> [[Hal Gausman]] | ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' |- | [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] <br /> [[E. Preston Ames]] | [[Henry Grace]] <br /> [[Hugh Hunt]] | ''[[The Unsinkable Molly Brown (film)|The Unsinkable Molly Brown]]'' |- | [[Jack Martin Smith]] <br /> [[Ted Haworth]] | [[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[Stuart A. Reiss]] | ''[[What a Way to Go!]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1965 <br /> {{small|[[38th Academy Awards|(38th)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Robert Clatworthy (art director)|Robert Clatworthy]]''' | '''[[Joseph Kish]]''' | '''''[[Ship of Fools (film)|Ship of Fools]]''''' |- | [[Robert Emmet Smith]] | [[Frank Tuttle (set decorator)|Frank Tuttle]] | ''[[King Rat (1965 film)|King Rat]]'' |- | [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] <br /> [[Urie McCleary]] | [[Henry Grace]] <br /> [[Charles S. Thompson]] | ''[[A Patch of Blue]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Jack Poplin]] | [[Robert R. Benton]] <br /> [[Joseph Kish]] | ''[[The Slender Thread]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Tambi Larsen]] | [[Ted Marshall]] <br /> [[Josie MacAvin]] | ''[[The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (film)|The Spy Who Came in from the Cold]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[John Box]] <br /> [[Terence Marsh]]''' | '''[[Dario Simoni]]''' | '''''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]''''' |- | [[John DeCuir]] <br /> [[Jack Martin Smith]] | [[Dario Simoni]] | ''[[The Agony and the Ecstasy (film)|The Agony and the Ecstasy]]'' |- | [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] <br /> [[William Creber]] <br /> [[David S. Hall (art director)|David S. Hall]] {{small|([[List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees|posthumous nomination]])}} | [[Ray Moyer]] <br /> [[Fred M. MacLean]] <br /> [[Norman Rockett]] | ''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told]]'' |- | [[Robert Clatworthy (art director)|Robert Clatworthy]] | [[George James Hopkins]] | ''[[Inside Daisy Clover]]'' |- | [[Boris Leven]] | [[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[Ruby Levitt]] | ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]'' |- | rowspan=12 style="text-align:center" | 1966 <br /> {{small|[[39th Academy Awards|(39th)]]}} | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Black-and-white |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Richard Sylbert]]''' | '''[[George James Hopkins]]''' | '''''[[Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (film)|Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?]]''''' |- | [[Robert Luthardt]] | [[Edward G. Boyle]] | ''[[The Fortune Cookie]]'' |- | [[Luigi Scaccianoce]] | align="center"|— | ''[[The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)|The Gospel According to St. Matthew]]'' |- | [[Willy Holt]] <br /> [[Marc Frederix]] <br /> [[Pierre Guffroy]] | align="center"|— | ''[[Is Paris Burning? (film)|Is Paris Burning?]]'' |- | [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] <br /> [[Paul Groesse]] | [[Henry Grace]] <br /> [[Hugh Hunt]] | ''[[Mister Buddwing]]'' |- | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#91CFF6" | Color |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Jack Martin Smith]] <br /> [[Dale Hennesy]]''' | '''[[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[Stuart A. Reiss]]''' | '''''[[Fantastic Voyage]]''''' |- | [[Alexander Golitzen]] <br /> [[George C. Webb]] | [[John McCarthy, Jr.]] <br /> [[John Austin (art director)|John Austin]] | ''[[Gambit (1966 film)|Gambit]]'' |- | [[Piero Gherardi]] | align="center"|— | ''[[Juliet of the Spirits]]'' |- | [[Hal Pereira]] <br /> [[Arthur Lonergan]] | [[Robert R. Benton]] <br /> [[James W. Payne]] | ''[[The Oscar (film)|The Oscar]]'' |- | [[Boris Leven]] | [[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[John Sturtevant]] <br /> [[William Kiernan]] | ''[[The Sand Pebbles (film)|The Sand Pebbles]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1967 <br /> {{small|[[40th Academy Awards|(40th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | [[John Truscott]] <br /> [[Edward Carrere]] | [[John W. Brown (set decorator)|John W. Brown]] | ''[[Camelot (film)|Camelot]]'' |- | [[Mario Chiari]] <br /> [[Jack Martin Smith]] <br /> [[Ed Graves]] | [[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[Stuart A. Reiss]] | ''[[Doctor Dolittle (film)|Doctor Dolittle]]'' |- | [[Robert Clatworthy (art director)|Robert Clatworthy]] | [[Frank Tuttle (set decorator)|Frank Tuttle]] | ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]'' |- | [[Renzo Mongiardino]] <br /> [[John DeCuir]] <br /> [[Elven Webb]] <br /> [[Giuseppe Mariani]] | [[Dario Simoni]] <br /> [[Luigi Gervasi]] | ''[[The Taming of the Shrew (1967 film)|The Taming of the Shrew]]'' |- | [[Alexander Golitzen]] <br /> [[George C. Webb]] | [[Howard Bristol]] | ''[[Thoroughly Modern Millie]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1968 <br /> {{small|[[41st Academy Awards|(41st)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[John Box]] <br /> [[Terence Marsh]]''' | '''[[Vernon Dixon]] <br /> [[Ken Muggleston]]''' | '''''[[Oliver! (film)|Oliver!]]''''' |- | [[George Davis (art director)|George Davis]] <br /> [[Edward Carfagno]] | align="center"|— | ''[[The Shoes of the Fisherman]]'' |- | [[Boris Leven]] | [[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[Howard Bristol]] | ''[[Star! (film)|Star!]]'' |- | [[Anthony Masters]] <br /> [[Harry Lange (film designer)|Harry Lange]] <br /> [[Ernie Archer]] | align="center"|— | ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' |- | [[Mikhail Bogdanov (artist)|Mikhail Bogdanov]] <br /> [[Gennady Myasnikov]] | [[Georgi Koshelev]] <br /> [[Vladimir Uvarov]] | ''[[War and Peace (film series)|War and Peace]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1969 <br /> {{small|[[42nd Academy Awards|(42nd)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[John Decuir]] <br /> [[Jack Martin Smith]] <br /> [[Herman Blumenthal]]''' | '''[[Walter M. Scott]] <br /> [[George Hopkins (set designer)|George Hopkins]] <br /> [[Raphael Bretton]]''' | '''''[[Hello, Dolly! (film)|Hello, Dolly!]]''''' |- | [[Maurice Carter (film designer)|Maurice Carter]] <br /> [[Lionel Couch]] | [[Patrick McLoughlin (set decorator)|Patrick McLoughlin]] | ''[[Anne of the Thousand Days]]'' |- | [[Robert F. Boyle]] <br /> [[George B. Chan]] | [[Edward G. Boyle]] <br /> [[Carl Biddiscombe]] | ''[[Gaily, Gaily]]'' |- | [[Alexander Golitzen]] <br /> [[George C. Webb]] | [[Jack D. Moore]] | ''[[Sweet Charity (film)|Sweet Charity]]'' |- | [[Harry Horner]] | [[Frank McKelvy]] | ''[[They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (film)|They Shoot Horses, Don't They?]]'' |} ===1970s=== {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#bebebe" ! width="8%" | Year ! width="19%" | Art director(s) ! width="19%" | Set decorator(s) ! width="19%" | Film |- |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1970 <br /> {{small|[[43rd Academy Awards|(43rd)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Urie McCleary]] <br /> [[Gil Parrondo]]''' | '''[[Antonio Mateos]] <br /> [[Pierre-Louis Thevenet]]''' | '''''[[Patton (film)|Patton]]''''' |- | [[Alexander Golitzen]] <br /> [[E. Preston Ames]] | [[Jack D. Moore]] <br /> [[Mickey S. Michaels]] | ''[[Airport (1970 film)|Airport]]'' |- | [[Tambi Larsen]] | [[Darrell Silvera]] | ''[[The Molly MaGuires]]'' |- | [[Terence Marsh]] <br /> [[Bob Cartwright]] | [[Pamela Cornell]] | ''[[Scrooge (1970 film)|Scrooge]]'' |- | [[Jack Martin Smith]] <br /> [[Yoshirō Muraki]] <br /> [[Richard Day (art director)|Richard Day]] <br /> [[Taizoh Kawashima]] | [[Samuel M. Comer]] <br /> [[Arthur Krams]] <br /> [[Norman Rockett]] | ''[[Tora! Tora! Tora!]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1971 <br /> {{small|[[44th Academy Awards|(44th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[John Box]] <br /> [[Ernest Archer]] <br /> [[Jack Maxsted]] <br /> [[Gil Parrondo]]''' | '''[[Vernon Dixon]]''' | '''''[[Nicholas and Alexandra]]''''' |- | [[Boris Leven]] <br /> [[William Tuntke]] | [[Ruby Levitt]] | ''[[The Andromeda Strain (film)|The Andromeda Strain]]'' |- | [[John B. Mansbridge]] <br /> [[Peter Ellenshaw]] | [[Emile Kuri]] <br /> [[Hal Gausman]] | ''[[Bedknobs and Broomsticks]]'' |- | [[Robert F. Boyle]] <br /> [[Michael Stringer]] | [[Peter Lamont]] | ''[[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|Fiddler on the Roof]]'' |- | [[Terence Marsh]] <br /> [[Robert Cartwright]] | [[Peter Howitt (set decorator)|Peter Howitt]] | ''[[Mary, Queen of Scots (1971 film)|Mary, Queen of Scots]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1972 <br /> {{small|[[45th Academy Awards|(45th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Rolf Zehetbauer]] <br /> [[Jurgen Kiebach]]''' | '''[[Herbert Strabel]]''' | '''''[[Cabaret (1972 film)|Cabaret]]''''' |- | [[Carl Anderson (art director)|Carl Anderson]] | [[Reg Allen (set decorator)|Reg Allen]] | ''[[Lady Sings the Blues (film)|Lady Sings the Blues]]'' |- | [[William Creber]] | [[Raphael Bretton]] | ''[[The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film)|The Poseidon Adventure]]'' |- | [[John Box]] <br /> [[Gil Parrondo]] <br /> [[Robert W. Laing]] | align="center"|— | ''[[Travels with My Aunt (film)|Travels with My Aunt]]'' |- | [[Donald M. Ashton]] <br /> [[Geoffrey Drake]] | [[John Graysmark]] <br /> [[William Hutchinson (art director)|William Hutchinson]] <br /> [[Peter James (set decorator)|Peter James]] | ''[[Young Winston]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1973 <br /> {{small|[[46th Academy Awards|(46th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Henry Bumstead]]''' | '''[[James W. Payne]]''' | '''''[[The Sting]]''''' |- | [[Lorenzo Mongiardino]] <br /> [[Gianni Quaranta]] | [[Carmelo Patrono]] | ''[[Brother Sun, Sister Moon]]'' |- | [[Bill Malley]] | [[Jerry Wunderlich]] | ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'' |- | [[Philip Jefferies]] | [[Robert de Vestel]] | ''[[Tom Sawyer (1973 film)|Tom Sawyer]]'' |- | [[Stephen Grimes]] | [[William Kiernan]] {{small|([[List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees|posthumous nomination]])}} | ''[[The Way We Were]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1974 <br /> {{small|[[47th Academy Awards|(47th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Dean Tavoularis]] <br /> [[Angelo Graham]]''' | '''[[George R. Nelson]]''' | '''''[[The Godfather Part II]]''''' |- | [[Richard Sylbert]] <br /> [[W. Stewart Campbell]] | [[Ruby Levitt]] | ''[[Chinatown (1974 film)|Chinatown]]'' |- | [[Alexander Golitzen]] <br /> [[E. Preston Ames]] | [[Frank McKelvy]] | ''[[Earthquake (film)|Earthquake]]'' |- | [[Peter Ellenshaw]] <br /> [[John B. Mansbridge]] <br /> [[Walter H. Tyler|Walter Tyler]] <br /> [[Al Roelofs]] | [[Hal Gausman]] | ''[[The Island at the Top of the World]]'' |- | [[William Creber]] <br /> [[Ward Preston]] | [[Raphael Bretton]] | ''[[The Towering Inferno]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1975 <br /> {{small|[[48th Academy Awards|(48th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Ken Adam]] <br /> [[Roy Walker (production designer)|Roy Walker]]''' | '''[[Vernon Dixon]]''' | '''''[[Barry Lyndon]]''''' |- | [[Edward Carfagno]] | [[Frank McKelvy]] | ''[[The Hindenburg (1975 film)|The Hindenburg]]'' |- | [[Alexander Trauner]] <br /> [[Tony Inglis]] | [[Peter James (set decorator)|Peter James]] | ''[[The Man Who Would Be King (film)|The Man Who Would Be King]]'' |- | [[Richard Sylbert]] <br /> [[W. Stewart Campbell]] | [[George Gaines (set decorator)|George Gaines]] | ''[[Shampoo (film)|Shampoo]]'' |- | [[Albert Brenner]] | [[Marvin March]] | ''[[The Sunshine Boys (1975 film)|The Sunshine Boys]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1976 <br /> {{small|[[49th Academy Awards|(49th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[George C. Jenkins|George Jenkins]]''' | '''[[George Gaines (set decorator)|George Gaines]]''' | '''''[[All the President's Men (film)|All the President's Men]]''''' |- | [[Elliot Scott]] | [[Norman Reynolds]] | ''[[The Incredible Sarah]]'' |- | [[Gene Callahan (motion picture art director)|Gene Callahan]] <br /> [[Jack Collis]] | [[Jerry Wunderlich]] | ''[[The Last Tycoon (1976 film)|The Last Tycoon]]'' |- | [[Dale Hennesy]] | [[Robert de Vestel]] | ''[[Logan's Run (film)|Logan's Run]]'' |- | [[Robert F. Boyle]] | [[Arthur Jeph Parker]] | ''[[The Shootist]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1977 <br /> {{small|[[50th Academy Awards|(50th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[John Barry (set designer)|John Barry]] <br /> [[Norman Reynolds]] <br /> [[Leslie Dilley]]''' | '''[[Roger Christian (filmmaker)|Roger Christian]]''' | '''''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''''' |- | [[George C. Webb]] | [[Mickey S. Michaels]] | ''[[Airport '77]]'' |- | [[Joe Alves]] <br /> [[Dan Lomino]] | [[Phil Abramson]] | ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]'' |- | [[Ken Adam]] <br /> [[Peter Lamont]] | [[Hugh Scaife]] | ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' |- | [[Albert Brenner]] | [[Marvin March]] | ''[[The Turning Point (1977 film)|The Turning Point]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1978 <br /> {{small|[[51st Academy Awards|(51st)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Paul Sylbert]] <br /> [[Edwin O'Donovan]]''' | '''[[George Gaines (set decorator)|George Gaines]]''' | '''''[[Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)|Heaven Can Wait]]''''' |- | [[Dean Tavoularis]] <br /> [[Angelo Graham]] | [[George R. Nelson]] | ''[[The Brink's Job]]'' |- | [[Albert Brenner]] | [[Marvin March]] | ''[[California Suite (film)|California Suite]]'' |- | [[Mel Bourne]] | [[Daniel Robert]] | ''[[Interiors]]'' |- | [[Tony Walton]] <br /> [[Philip Rosenberg]] | [[Edward Stewart (set decorator)|Edward Stewart]] <br /> [[Robert Drumheller]] | ''[[The Wiz (film)|The Wiz]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1979 <br /> {{small|[[52nd Academy Awards|(52nd)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Philip Rosenberg]] <br /> [[Tony Walton]]''' | '''[[Edward Stewart (set decorator)|Edward Stewart]] <br /> [[Gary Brink]]''' | '''''[[All That Jazz (film)|All That Jazz]]''''' |- | [[Michael Seymour (production designer)|Michael Seymour]] <br /> [[Les Dilley]] <br /> [[Roger Christian (filmmaker)|Roger Christian]] | [[Ian Whittaker]] | ''[[Alien (film)|Alien]]'' |- | [[Dean Tavoularis]] <br /> [[Angelo Graham]] | [[George R. Nelson]] | ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'' |- | [[George C. Jenkins|George Jenkins]] | [[Arthur Jeph Parker]] | ''[[The China Syndrome]]'' |- | [[Harold Michelson]] <br /> [[Joe Jennings]] <br /> [[Leon Harris (art director)|Leon Harris]] <br /> [[John Vallone]] | [[Linda Descenna]] | ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]'' |} ===1980s=== {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#bebebe" ! width="8%" | Year ! width="19%" | Art director(s) ! width="19%" | Set decorator(s) ! width="19%" | Film |- |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1980 <br /> {{small|[[53rd Academy Awards|(53rd)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Pierre Guffroy]] <br /> [[Jack Stephens (set decorator)|Jack Stephens]]''' | align="center"|'''—''' | '''''[[Tess (film)|Tess]]''''' |- | [[John W. Corso]] | [[John M. Dwyer]] | ''[[Coal Miner's Daughter (film)|Coal Miner's Daughter]]'' |- | [[Stuart Craig]] <br /> [[Robert Cartwright]] | [[Hugh Scaife]] | ''[[The Elephant Man (film)|The Elephant Man]]'' |- | [[Norman Reynolds]] <br /> [[Leslie Dilley]] <br /> [[Harry Lange (film designer)|Harry Lange]] <br /> [[Alan Tomkins]] | [[Michael D. Ford]] | ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' |- | [[Yoshirō Muraki]] | align="center"|— | ''[[Kagemusha]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1981 <br /> {{small|[[54th Academy Awards|(54th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Norman Reynolds]] <br /> [[Leslie Dilley]]''' | '''[[Michael D. Ford]]''' | '''''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''''' |- | [[Assheton Gorton]] | [[Ann Mollo]] | ''[[The French Lieutenant's Woman (film)|The French Lieutenant's Woman]]'' |- | [[Tambi Larsen]] | [[James L. Berkey]] | ''[[Heaven's Gate (film)|Heaven's Gate]]'' |- | [[John Graysmark]] <br /> [[Patrizia von Brandenstein]] <br /> [[Tony Reading]] | [[George DeTitta Sr.]] <br /> [[George DeTitta Jr.]] <br /> [[Peter Howitt (set decorator)|Peter Howitt]] | ''[[Ragtime (film)|Ragtime]]'' |- | [[Richard Sylbert]] | [[Michael Seirton]] | ''[[Reds (film)|Reds]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1982 <br /> {{small|[[55th Academy Awards|(55th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Stuart Craig]] <br /> [[Robert W. Laing]]''' | '''[[Michael Seirton]]''' | '''''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''''' |- | [[Dale Hennesy]] {{small|([[List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees|posthumous nomination]])}} | [[Marvin March]] | ''[[Annie (1982 film)|Annie]]'' |- | [[Lawrence G. Paull]] <br /> [[David L. Snyder]] | [[Linda DeScenna]] | ''[[Blade Runner]]'' |- | [[Franco Zeffirelli]] <br /> [[Gianni Quaranta]] | align="center"|— | ''[[La traviata (1983 film)|La traviata]]'' |- | [[Rodger Maus]] <br /> [[Tim Hutchinson (production designer)|Tim Hutchinson]] <br /> [[William Craig Smith]] | [[Harry Cordwell]] | ''[[Victor Victoria]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1983 <br /> {{small|[[56th Academy Awards|(56th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Anna Asp]]''' | '''[[Susanne Lingheim]]''' | '''''[[Fanny and Alexander]]''''' |- | [[Norman Reynolds]] <br /> [[Fred Hole]] <br /> [[James L. Schoppe]] | [[Michael D. Ford]] | ''[[Return of the Jedi]]'' |- | [[Geoffrey Kirkland]] <br /> [[Richard Lawrence (art director)|Richard Lawrence]] <br /> [[W. Stewart Campbell]] <br /> [[Peter R. Romero]] | [[Jim Poynter]] <br /> [[George R. Nelson]] | ''[[The Right Stuff (film)|The Right Stuff]]'' |- | [[Polly Platt]] <br /> [[Harold Michelson]] | [[Tom Pedigo]] <br /> [[Anthony Mondell]] | ''[[Terms of Endearment]]'' |- | [[Roy Walker (production designer)|Roy Walker]] <br /> [[Leslie Tomkins]] | [[Tessa Davies]] | ''[[Yentl (film)|Yentl]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1984 <br /> {{small|[[57th Academy Awards|(57th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Patrizia von Brandenstein]]''' | '''[[Karel Černý (art director)|Karel Černý]]''' | '''''[[Amadeus (film)|Amadeus]]''''' |- | [[Richard Sylbert]] | [[George Gaines (set decorator)|George Gaines]] | ''[[The Cotton Club (film)|The Cotton Club]]'' |- | [[Mel Bourne]] <br /> [[Angelo P. Graham]] | [[Bruce Weintraub]] | ''[[The Natural (film)|The Natural]]'' |- | [[John Box]] | [[Hugh Scaife]] | ''[[A Passage to India (film)|A Passage to India]]'' |- | [[Albert Brenner]] | [[Rick Simpson]] | ''[[2010 (film)|2010]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1985 <br /> {{small|[[58th Academy Awards|(58th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Stephen Grimes]]''' | '''[[Josie Macavin]]''' | '''''[[Out of Africa (film)|Out of Africa]]''''' |- | [[Norman Garwood]] | [[Maggie Gray]] | ''[[Brazil (1985 film)|Brazil]]'' |- | [[J. Michael Riva]] <br /> [[Bo Welch]] | [[Linda DeScenna]] | ''[[The Color Purple (film)|The Color Purple]]'' |- | [[Yoshirō Muraki]] <br /> [[Shinobu Muraki]] | align="center"|— | ''[[Ran (film)|Ran]]'' |- | [[Stan Jolley]] | [[John H. Anderson]] | ''[[Witness (1985 film)|Witness]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1986 <br /> {{small|[[59th Academy Awards|(59th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Gianni Quaranta]] <br /> [[Brian Ackland-Snow]]''' | '''[[Brian Savegar]] <br /> [[Elio Altamura]]''' | '''''[[A Room with a View (1985 film)|A Room with a View]]''''' |- | [[Peter Lamont]] | [[Crispian Sallis]] | ''[[Aliens (film)|Aliens]]'' |- | [[Boris Leven]] | [[Karen O'Hara]] | ''[[The Color of Money (film)|The Color of Money]]'' |- | [[Stuart Wurtzel]] | [[Carol Joffe]] | ''[[Hannah and Her Sisters]]'' |- | [[Stuart Craig]] | [[Jack Stephens (set decorator)|Jack Stephens]] | ''[[The Mission (1986 film)|The Mission]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1987 <br /> {{small|[[60th Academy Awards|(60th)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Ferdinando Scarfiotti]]''' | '''[[Bruno Cesari]] <br /> [[Osvaldo Desideri]]''' | '''''[[The Last Emperor]]''''' |- | [[Norman Reynolds]] | [[Harry Cordwell]] | ''[[Empire of the Sun (film)|Empire of the Sun]]'' |- | [[Anthony D. G. Pratt|Anthony Pratt]] | [[Joanne Woollard]] | ''[[Hope and Glory (film)|Hope and Glory]]'' |- | [[Santo Loquasto]] | [[Carol Joffe]] <br /> [[Leslie Bloom]] <br /> [[George DeTitta Jr.]] | ''[[Radio Days]]'' |- | [[Patrizia von Brandenstein]] <br /> [[William A. Elliott]] | [[Hal Gausman]] | ''[[The Untouchables (film)|The Untouchables]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1988 <br /> {{small|[[61st Academy Awards|(61st)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Stuart Craig]]''' | '''[[Gérard James]]''' | '''''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]''''' |- | [[Albert Brenner]] | [[Garrett Lewis]] | ''[[Beaches (film)|Beaches]]'' |- | [[Ida Random]] | [[Linda DeScenna]] | ''[[Rain Man]]'' |- | [[Dean Tavoularis]] | [[Armin Ganz]] | ''[[Tucker: The Man and His Dream]]'' |- | [[Elliot Scott]] | [[Peter Howitt (set decorator)|Peter Howitt]] | ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'' |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 1989 <br /> {{small|[[62nd Academy Awards|(62nd)]]}} |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''[[Anton Furst]]''' | '''[[Peter Young (set decorator)|Peter Young]]''' | '''''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]''''' |- | [[Leslie Dilley]] | [[Anne Kuljian]] | ''[[The Abyss]]'' |- | [[Dante Ferretti]] | [[Francesca Lo Schiavo]] | ''[[The Adventures of Baron Munchausen]]'' |- | [[Bruno Rubeo]] | [[Crispian Sallis]] | ''[[Driving Miss Daisy]]'' |- | [[Norman Garwood]] | [[Garrett Lewis]] | ''[[Glory (1989 film)|Glory]]'' |} ===1990s===<!-- This section is linked from [[Quills]] --> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- bgcolor="#bebebe" ! width="12%" | Year ! width="29%" | Film ! width="29%" | Art director(s) ! width="29%" | Set decorator(s) |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[1990 in film|1990]]<br /><small>[[63rd Academy Awards|(63rd)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Dick Tracy (1990 film)|Dick Tracy]]''''' | '''[[Richard Sylbert]]''' | '''[[Rick Simpson]]''' |- | ''[[Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)|Cyrano de Bergerac]]'' | [[Ezio Frigerio]] | [[Jacques Rouxel (production designer)|Jacques Rouxel]] |- | ''[[Dances with Wolves]]'' | [[Jeffrey Beecroft]] | [[Lisa Dean]] |- | ''[[The Godfather Part III]]'' | [[Dean Tavoularis]] | [[Gary Fettis]] |- | ''[[Hamlet (1990 film)|Hamlet]]'' | [[Dante Ferretti]] | [[Francesca Lo Schiavo]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[1991 in film|1991]]<br /><small>[[64th Academy Awards|(64th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Bugsy]]''''' | '''[[Dennis Gassner]]''' | '''[[Nancy Haigh]]''' |- | ''[[Barton Fink]]'' | [[Dennis Gassner]] | [[Nancy Haigh]] |- | ''[[The Fisher King (film)|The Fisher King]]'' | [[Mel Bourne]] | [[Cindy Carr]] |- | ''[[Hook (film)|Hook]]'' | [[Norman Garwood]] | [[Garrett Lewis]] |- | ''[[The Prince of Tides]]'' | [[Paul Sylbert]] | [[Caryl Heller]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[1992 in film|1992]]<br /><small>[[65th Academy Awards|(65th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Howards End (film)|Howards End]]''''' | '''[[Luciana Arrighi]]''' | '''[[Ian Whittaker]]''' |- | ''[[Dracula (1992 film)|Bram Stoker's Dracula]]'' | [[Thomas E. Sanders]] | [[Garrett Lewis]] |- | ''[[Chaplin (film)|Chaplin]]'' | [[Stuart Craig]] | [[Chris A. Butler]] |- | ''[[Toys (film)|Toys]]'' | [[Ferdinando Scarfiotti]] | [[Linda DeScenna]] |- | ''[[Unforgiven]]'' | [[Henry Bumstead]] | [[Janice Blackie-Goodine]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[1993 in film|1993]]<br /><small>[[66th Academy Awards|(66th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Schindler's List]]''''' | '''[[Allan Starski]]''' | '''[[Ewa Braun]]''' |- | ''[[Addams Family Values]]'' | [[Ken Adam]] | [[Marvin March]] |- | ''[[The Age of Innocence (1993 film)|The Age of Innocence]]'' | [[Dante Ferretti]] | [[Robert J. Franco]] |- | ''[[Orlando (film)|Orlando]]'' | [[Ben Van Os]] and [[Jan Roelfs]] | align="center"|— |- | ''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]'' | [[Luciana Arrighi]] | [[Ian Whittaker]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[1994 in film|1994]]<br /><small>[[67th Academy Awards|(67th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[The Madness of King George]]''''' | '''[[Ken Adam]]''' | '''[[Carolyn Scott]]''' |- | ''[[Bullets over Broadway]]'' | [[Santo Loquasto]] | [[Susan Bode]] |- | ''[[Forrest Gump]]'' | [[Rick Carter]] | [[Nancy Haigh]] |- | ''[[Interview with the Vampire (film)|Interview with the Vampire]]'' | [[Dante Ferretti]] | [[Francesca Lo Schiavo]] |- | ''[[Legends of the Fall]]'' | [[Lilly Kilvert]] | [[Dorree Cooper]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[1995 in film|1995]]<br /><small>[[68th Academy Awards|(68th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Restoration (1995 film)|Restoration]]''''' | '''[[Eugenio Zanetti]]''' | align="center"|'''—''' |- | ''[[Apollo 13 (film)|Apollo 13]]'' | [[Michael Corenblith]] | [[Merideth Boswell]] |- | ''[[Babe (film)|Babe]]'' | [[Roger Ford (production designer)|Roger Ford]] | [[Kerrie Brown]] |- | ''[[A Little Princess (1995 film)|A Little Princess]]'' | [[Bo Welch]] | [[Cheryl Carasik]] |- | ''[[Richard III (1995 film)|Richard III]]'' | [[Tony Burrough]] | align="center"|— |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[1996 in film|1996]]<br /><small>[[69th Academy Awards|(69th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[The English Patient (film)|The English Patient]]''''' | '''[[Stuart Craig]]''' | '''[[Stephenie McMillan]]''' |- | ''[[The Birdcage]]'' | [[Bo Welch]] | [[Cheryl Carasik]] |- | ''[[Evita (1996 film)|Evita]]'' | [[Brian Morris (art director)|Brian Morris]] | Philippe Turlure |- | ''[[Hamlet (1996 film)|Hamlet]]'' | [[Tim Harvey (art director)|Tim Harvey]] | align="center"|— |- | ''[[Romeo + Juliet]]'' | [[Catherine Martin (designer)|Catherine Martin]] | [[Brigitte Broch]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[1997 in film|1997]]<br /><small>[[70th Academy Awards|(70th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''''' | '''[[Peter Lamont]]''' | '''[[Michael D. Ford]]''' |- | ''[[Gattaca]]'' | [[Jan Roelfs]] | Nancy Nye |- | ''[[Kundun]]'' | [[Dante Ferretti]] | [[Francesca Lo Schiavo]] |- | ''[[L.A. Confidential (film)|L.A. Confidential]]'' | [[Jeannine Oppewall]] | [[Jay Hart]] |- | ''[[Men in Black (1997 film)|Men in Black]]'' | [[Bo Welch]] | [[Cheryl Carasik]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[1998 in film|1998]]<br /><small>[[71st Academy Awards|(71st)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Shakespeare in Love]]''''' | '''[[Martin Childs]]''' | '''[[Jill Quertier]]''' |- | ''[[Elizabeth (film)|Elizabeth]]'' | [[John Myhre]] | [[Peter Howitt (set decorator)|Peter Howitt]] |- | ''[[Pleasantville (film)|Pleasantville]]'' | [[Jeannine Oppewall]] | [[Jay Hart]] |- | ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'' | [[Tom Sanders (art director)|Tom Sanders]] | [[Lisa Dean Kavanaugh]] |- | ''[[What Dreams May Come (film)|What Dreams May Come]]'' | [[Eugenio Zanetti]] | [[Cindy Carr]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[1999 in film|1999]]<br /><small>[[72nd Academy Awards|(72nd)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Sleepy Hollow (film)|Sleepy Hollow]]''''' | '''[[Rick Heinrichs]]''' | '''[[Peter Young (set decorator)|Peter Young]]''' |- | ''[[Anna and the King]]'' | [[Luciana Arrighi]] | [[Ian Whittaker]] |- | ''[[The Cider House Rules (film)|The Cider House Rules]]'' | David Gropman | [[Beth Rubino]] |- | ''[[The Talented Mr. Ripley (film)|The Talented Mr. Ripley]]'' | [[Roy Walker (production designer)|Roy Walker]] | [[Bruno Cesari]] |- | ''[[Topsy-Turvy]]'' | [[Eve Stewart]] | John Bush |} ===2000s=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- bgcolor="#bebebe" ! width="12%" | Year ! width="29%" | Film ! width="29%" | Art director(s) ! width="29%" | Set decorator(s) |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[2000 in film|2000]]<br /><small>[[73rd Academy Awards|(73rd)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon]]''''' | '''[[Tim Yip]]''' | align="center"|'''—''' |- | ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]'' | [[Arthur Max]] | [[Crispian Sallis]] |- | ''[[Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)|How the Grinch Stole Christmas]]'' | [[Michael Corenblith]] | [[Merideth Boswell]] |- | ''[[Quills]]'' | [[Martin Childs]] | Jill Quertier |- | ''[[Vatel (film)|Vatel]]'' | [[Jean Rabasse]] | Françoise Benoît-Fresco |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[2001 in film|2001]]<br /><small>[[74th Academy Awards|(74th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Moulin Rouge!]]''''' | '''[[Catherine Martin (designer)|Catherine Martin]]''' | '''[[Brigitte Broch]]''' |- | ''[[Amélie]]'' | [[Aline Bonetto]] | [[Marie-Laure Valla]] |- | ''[[Gosford Park]]'' | Stephen Altman | [[Anna Pinnock]] |- | ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone]]'' | [[Stuart Craig]] | [[Stephenie McMillan]] |- | ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' | [[Grant Major]] | [[Dan Hennah]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[2002 in film|2002]]<br /><small>[[75th Academy Awards|(75th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Chicago (2002 film)|Chicago]]''''' | '''[[John Myhre]]''' | '''[[Gordon Sim]]''' |- | ''[[Frida]]'' | Felipe Fernández del Paso | [[Hania Robledo]] |- | ''[[Gangs of New York]]'' | [[Dante Ferretti]] | [[Francesca Lo Schiavo]] |- | ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'' | [[Grant Major]] | [[Dan Hennah]] and [[Alan Lee (illustrator)|Alan Lee]] |- | ''[[Road to Perdition]]'' | [[Dennis Gassner]] | [[Nancy Haigh]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[2003 in film|2003]]<br /><small>[[76th Academy Awards|(76th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''''' | '''[[Grant Major]]''' | '''[[Dan Hennah]] and [[Alan Lee (illustrator)|Alan Lee]]''' |- | ''[[Girl with a Pearl Earring (film)|Girl with a Pearl Earring]]'' | [[Ben Van Os]] | Cecile Heideman |- | ''[[The Last Samurai]]'' | [[Lilly Kilvert]] | [[Gretchen Rau]] |- | ''[[Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World]]'' | [[William Sandell]] | [[Robert Gould (art director)|Robert Gould]] |- | ''[[Seabiscuit (film)|Seabiscuit]]'' | [[Jeannine Oppewall]] | [[Leslie Pope]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[2004 in film|2004]]<br /><small>[[77th Academy Awards|(77th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[The Aviator (2004 film)|The Aviator]]''''' | '''[[Dante Ferretti]]''' | '''[[Francesca Lo Schiavo]]''' |- | ''[[Finding Neverland (film)|Finding Neverland]]'' | [[Gemma Jackson]] | [[Trisha Edwards]] |- | ''[[Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (film)|Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events]]'' | [[Rick Heinrichs]] | [[Cheryl Carasik]] |- | ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (2004 film)|The Phantom of the Opera]]'' | [[Anthony D. G. Pratt|Anthony Pratt]] | [[Celia Bobak]] |- | ''[[A Very Long Engagement]]'' | [[Aline Bonetto]] | align="center"|— |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[2005 in film|2005]]<br /><small>[[78th Academy Awards|(78th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Memoirs of a Geisha (film)|Memoirs of a Geisha]]''''' | '''[[John Myhre]]''' | '''[[Gretchen Rau]]''' |- | ''[[Good Night, and Good Luck.]]'' | [[Jim Bissell]] | [[Jan Pascale]] |- | ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' | [[Stuart Craig]] | [[Stephenie McMillan]] |- | ''[[King Kong (2005 film)|King Kong]]'' | [[Grant Major]] | [[Dan Hennah]] and [[Simon Bright]] |- | ''[[Pride and Prejudice (2005 film)|Pride & Prejudice]]'' | [[Sarah Greenwood]] | [[Katie Spencer]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[2006 in film|2006]]<br /><small>[[79th Academy Awards|(79th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Pan's Labyrinth]]''''' | '''[[Eugenio Caballero]]''' | '''[[Pilar Revuelta]]''' |- | ''[[Dreamgirls (film)|Dreamgirls]]'' | [[John Myhre]] | [[Nancy Haigh]] |- | ''[[The Good Shepherd (film)|The Good Shepherd]]'' | [[Jeannine Claudia Oppewall]] | [[Gretchen Rau]] and [[Leslie E. Rollins]] |- | ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest]]'' | [[Rick Heinrichs]] | [[Cheryl Carasik]] |- | ''[[The Prestige (film)|The Prestige]]'' | [[Nathan Crowley]] | [[Julie Ochipinti]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[2007 in film|2007]]<br /><small>[[80th Academy Awards|(80th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)|Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]''''' | '''[[Dante Ferretti]]''' | '''[[Francesca Lo Schiavo]]''' |- | ''[[American Gangster (film)|American Gangster]]'' | [[Arthur Max]] | [[Beth A. Rubino]] |- | ''[[Atonement (film)|Atonement]]'' | [[Sarah Greenwood]] | [[Katie Spencer]] |- | ''[[The Golden Compass (film)|The Golden Compass]]'' | [[Dennis Gassner]] | [[Anna Pinnock]] |- | ''[[There Will Be Blood]]'' | [[Jack Fisk]] | [[Jim Erickson]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[2008 in film|2008]]<br /><small>[[81st Academy Awards|(81st)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''''' | '''[[Donald Graham Burt]]''' | '''[[Victor J. Zolfo]]''' |- | ''[[Changeling (2008 film)|Changeling]]'' | [[James J. Murakami]] | [[Gary Fettis]] |- | ''[[The Dark Knight (film)|The Dark Knight]]'' | [[Nathan Crowley]] | [[Peter Lando]] |- | ''[[The Duchess (film)|The Duchess]]'' | [[Michael Carlin (art director)|Michael Carlin]] | [[Rebecca Alleway]] |- | ''[[Revolutionary Road (film)|Revolutionary Road]]'' | Kristi Zea | [[Debra Schutt]] |- | rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[2009 in film|2009]]<br /><small>[[82nd Academy Awards|(82nd)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]''''' | '''[[Rick Carter]] and [[Robert Stromberg]]''' | '''[[Kim Sinclair]]''' |- | ''[[The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus]]'' | Dave Warren and [[Anastasia Masaro]] | Caroline Smith |- | ''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)|Nine]]'' | [[John Myhre]] | [[Gordon Sim]] |- | ''[[Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)|Sherlock Holmes]]'' | [[Sarah Greenwood]] | [[Katie Spencer]] |- | ''[[The Young Victoria]]'' | [[Patrice Vermette]] | [[Maggie Gray]] |} ===2010s=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- bgcolor="#bebebe" ! width="12%" | Year ! width="29%" | Film ! width="29%" | Art director(s) ! width="29%" | Set decorator(s) |- |- | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" | [[2010 in film|2010]]<br /><small>[[83rd Academy Awards|(83rd)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]''''' | '''[[Robert Stromberg]]''' | '''[[Karen O'Hara]]''' |- | ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'' | [[Stuart Craig]] | [[Stephenie McMillan]] |- | ''[[Inception]]'' | [[Guy Hendrix Dyas]] | [[Larry Dias]] and [[Doug Mowat (set director)|Doug Mowat]] |- | ''[[The King's Speech]]'' | [[Eve Stewart]] | [[Judy Farr (set decorator)|Judy Farr]] |- | ''[[True Grit (2010 film)|True Grit]]'' | [[Jess Gonchor]] | [[Nancy Haigh]] |- | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" | [[2011 in film|2011]]<br /><small>[[84th Academy Awards|(84th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Hugo (film)|Hugo]]''''' | '''[[Dante Ferretti]]''' | '''[[Francesca Lo Schiavo]]''' |- | ''[[The Artist (film)|The Artist]]'' | [[Laurence Bennett]] | [[Robert Gould (art director)|Robert Gould]] |- | ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' | [[Stuart Craig]] | [[Stephenie McMillan]] |- | ''[[Midnight in Paris]]'' | [[Anne Seibel]] | [[Hélène Dubreuil]] |- | ''[[War Horse (film)|War Horse]]'' | [[Rick Carter]] | [[Lee Sandales]] |- | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" | [[2012 in film|2012]]<br /><small>[[85th Academy Awards|(85th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Lincoln (film)|Lincoln]]''''' | '''[[Rick Carter]]''' | '''[[Jim Erickson]]''' |- | ''[[Anna Karenina (2012 film)|Anna Karenina]]'' | [[Sarah Greenwood]] | [[Katie Spencer]] |- | ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'' | [[Dan Hennah]] | [[Ra Vincent]] and [[Simon Bright]] |- | ''[[Les Misérables (2012 film)|Les Misérables]]'' | [[Eve Stewart]] | [[Anna Lynch-Robinson]] |- | ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'' | David Gropman | [[Anna Pinnock]] |- | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" | [[2013 in film|2013]]<br /><small>[[86th Academy Awards|(86th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[The Great Gatsby (2013 film)|The Great Gatsby]]''''' | '''[[Catherine Martin (designer)|Catherine Martin]]''' | '''[[Beverley Dunn (set decorator)|Beverley Dunn]]''' |- | ''[[American Hustle]]'' | [[Judy Becker]] | [[Heather Loeffler]] |- | ''[[Gravity (2013 film)|Gravity]]'' | [[Andy Nicholson (production designer)|Andy Nicholson]] | [[Rosie Goodwin]] and [[Joanne Woollard]] |- | ''[[Her (film)|Her]]'' | [[K. K. Barrett]] | [[Gene Serdena]] |- | ''[[12 Years a Slave (film)|12 Years a Slave]]'' | [[Adam Stockhausen]] | [[Alice Baker (set decorator)|Alice Baker]] |- | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" | [[2014 in film|2014]]<br /><small>[[87th Academy Awards|(87th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[The Grand Budapest Hotel]]''''' | '''[[Adam Stockhausen]]''' | '''[[Anna Pinnock]]''' |- | ''[[The Imitation Game]]'' | Maria Djurkovic | Tatiana Macdonald |- | ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]'' | [[Nathan Crowley]] | [[Gary Fettis]] |- | ''[[Into the Woods (film)|Into the Woods]]'' | [[Dennis Gassner]] | [[Anna Pinnock]] |- | ''[[Mr. Turner]]'' | Suzie Davies | Charlotte Watts |- | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" | [[2015 in film|2015]]<br /><small>[[88th Academy Awards|(88th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]''''' | '''[[Colin Gibson (production designer)|Colin Gibson]]''' | '''[[Lisa Thompson (set decorator)|Lisa Thompson]]''' |- | ''[[Bridge of Spies (film)|Bridge of Spies]]'' | [[Adam Stockhausen]] | [[Rena DeAngelo]] and [[Bernhard Henrich]] |- | ''[[The Danish Girl (film)|The Danish Girl]]'' | [[Michael Standish]] | [[Eve Stewart]] |- | ''[[The Martian (film)|The Martian]]'' | [[Arthur Max]] | [[Celia Bobak]] |- | ''[[The Revenant (2015 film)|The Revenant]]'' | [[Jack Fisk]] | [[Hamish Purdy]] |- | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" | [[2016 in film|2016]]<br /><small>[[89th Academy Awards|(89th)]]</small> |- style="background:#FAEB86" | '''''[[La La Land (film)|La La Land]]''''' | '''[[David and Sandy Reynolds-Wasco|David Wasco]]''' | '''[[David and Sandy Reynolds-Wasco|Sandy Reynolds-Wasco]]''' |- | ''[[Arrival (film)|Arrival]]'' | [[Patrice Vermette]] | [[Paul Hotte]] |- | ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)|Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'' | [[Stuart Craig]] | [[Anna Pinnock]] |- | ''[[Hail, Caesar!]]'' | [[Jess Gonchor]] | [[Nancy Haigh]] |- | ''[[Passengers (2016 film)|Passengers]]'' | [[Guy Hendrix Dyas]] | [[Gene Serdena]] |} ==See also== * [[BAFTA Award for Best Production Design]] * [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Art Direction]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Academy Awards}} {{Academy Award Best Art Direction}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Academy Award For Best Art Direction}} [[Category:Academy Awards|Art Direction]] [[Category:Best Art Direction Academy Award winners|*]] [[Category:Awards for best art direction]] obrjtiak805uarn23r0cn314vtqoaxx 0 9391 815453970 814126719 2017-12-14T22:38:36Z 194.204.48.49 /* Modernisation and liberalisation */ wrong in 2017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{update|date=October 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}} {{Infobox economy |country = Estonia |image = Ayuntamiento, vistas panorámicas desde Toompea, Tallin, Estonia, 2012-08-05, DD 21.JPG |gdp ={{increase}} $36.947 billion (PPP, 2015 est.)<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web |title=5. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |work=Query from World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=April 2016 |url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=72&pr1.y=12&c=941%2C939%2C172&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= |accessdate=2016-08-30}}</ref> |gdp rank = [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|98th]] (nominal) / [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|113th]] (PPP) |width = 300px |caption = Tornimäe business area in [[Tallinn]] |currency = [[Euro]] (EUR)<ref>Before 2011: [[Estonian kroon]].</ref> |fixed exchange = |year = Calendar year |organs = EU, [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] and [[OECD]] |growth ={{increase}} 2.5% (2014 est.)<ref>{{cite news |last=Ummelas |first=Ott |title=Estonia Cuts 2014 GDP Growth Forecast to 2% on Exports |work=Bloomberg.com |date=7 April 2014 |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-07/estonia-cuts-2014-gdp-growth-forecast-to-2-on-exports.html |accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref> |per capita ={{increase}} $30,850 (PPP, 2017. est)<ref name="imf.org"/> |components = |sectors = agriculture 3.7%, industry 30.2%, services 66.1% (2012 est.) |inflation ={{decrease}} 3.3% (CPI, 2012 est.)<ref>{{cite web|title=Estonia Consumer Price Index (CPI) MoM|url=https://www.investing.com/economic-calendar/estonian-cpi-766|publisher=Investing.com|accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref> |poverty = 21.9% – income below €429/month (2015)<ref>[https://blog.stat.ee/tag/vaesus/]</ref> |gini = 31.3 (2010) |labor = 675,900 (2012 est.) |edbr = 12th (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/estonia |title=Ease of Doing Business in Estonia |publisher=Doingbusiness.org |accessdate=2017-11-21 }}</ref> |occupations = agriculture 4.2%, industry 20.2%, services 75.6% (2010) |unemployment={{DecreasePositive}} 6.984% (2015 est.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |publisher=IMF |date=February 2014 |url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2012&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=53&pr1.y=2&c=939&s=LUR&grp=0&a= |accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref> |average gross salary = €1242, monthly (Q2 2017)<ref name="stat.ee_main_indicators">{{cite web |title=Most requested statistics |publisher=[[Statistics Estonia]] |date=2016-08-30 |url=http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators |accessdate=2016-08-20}}</ref> |average net salary = €871 / $988, monthly (2015)<ref name="stat.ee_90615">{{cite press release |title=In the 2nd quarter, the average monthly gross wages and salaries rose almost six per cent year over year |publisher=Statistics Estonia |date=2015-09-01 |url=http://www.stat.ee/90615 |accessdate=2016-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Tax Calculator">{{cite web |title=Tax Calculator |publisher=palk.crew.ee |location=Estonia |url=http://palk.crew.ee/ |accessdate=2015-02-26}}</ref> |industries = engineering, [[electronics]], [[wood|wood and wood products]], textiles; information technology, telecommunications |exports ={{decrease}} €11.6 billion (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Export Partners of Estonia |publisher=Statistics Estonia |year=2015 |url=http://www.stat.ee/277519 |accessdate=2016-02-22}}</ref> |export-goods = machinery and electrical equipment 21%, wood and wood products 9%, metals 9%, furniture 7%, vehicles and parts 5%, food products and beverages 4%, textiles 4%, plastics 3% |export-partners ={{flag|Sweden}} 18.5% <br/>{{flag|Finland}} 15.8% <br/>{{flag|Latvia}} 11.1% <br/>{{flag|Russia}} 10.0% <br/>{{flag|Lithuania}} 5.5% <br/>{{flag|Germany}} 5.0% |imports ={{decrease}} €13.1 billion (2015) |import-goods = machinery and electrical equipment, mineral fuels, chemical products, foodstuffs, plastics, textiles |import-partners ={{flag|Finland}} 15.5% <br/>{{flag|Germany}} 11.9% <br/>{{flag|Sweden}} 9.1% <br/>{{flag|Latvia}} 8.6% <br/>{{flag|Lithuania}} 8.0% <br/>{{flag|Poland}} 7.8% <br/>{{flag|Netherlands}} 5.6% <br/>{{flag|Russia}} 4.7% |gross external debt={{increaseNegative}} $25.92 billion (31 December 2012 est.) |FDI ={{decrease}} $16.76 billion (31 December 2012 est.) |debt ={{DecreasePositive}} 9,9% of GDP (2015)<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7049759/2-23102015-AP-EN.pdf/76641d4c-af11-4fc4-b78f-94aaa633b8c3</ref> |revenue = $7.915 billion (2012 est.) |expenses = $8.439 billion (2012 est.) |aid = recipient: $135 million (2004) |credit = AA- (Domestic) <br/>AA- (Foreign) <br/>AAA (T&C Assessment)<br/>([[Standard & Poor's]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Sovereigns rating list |publisher=Standard & Poor's |year=2011 |url= http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/eu/?subSectorCode=39 |accessdate=11 August 2011}}</ref> |reserves = $250.93 million (April 2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity – ESTONIA |date=9 May 2011 |publisher=[[IMF]] |url= http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/ir/IRProcessWeb/data/est/eng/curest.htm |accessdate=31 May 2011}}</ref> |cianame =en }} [[File:Labour productivity levels in Europe. OECD, 2015.png|thumb|[[Labour productivity]] level of Estonia is one of the lowest in [[EU]]. [[OECD]], 2015<ref>https://data.oecd.org/lprdty/gdp-per-hour-worked.htm#indicator-chart</ref>]] [[Estonia]]n economy is an [[advanced economy]] and a member of the [[European Union]] and of the [[eurozone]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic and Financial Surveys / World Economic Outlook |work=Database—WEO Groups and Aggregates Information |publisher=[[IMF]] |date=April 2011 |url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/groups.htm#ae |accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref> The economy of Estonia is strongly influenced by developments in the Finnish and Swedish economies. <ref>[https://www.seb.ee/foorum/majanduskeskkond/kuidas-laheb-soome-majandusel]</ref> == Overview == Before the [[Second World War]], Estonia's economy was based on agriculture, but there was a significant knowledge sector, with the university city of [[Tartu]] known for scientific contributions, and a growing industrial sector, similar to that of neighbouring [[Finland]]. Products such as butter, milk and cheese were widely known on the [[West Europe|western European]] markets. The main markets were Germany and the United Kingdom, and only 3% of all commerce was with the neighbouring [[USSR]]. The USSR's [[Estonian SSR|annexation of Estonia]] in 1940 and the ensuing [[Nazism|Nazi]] and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] destruction during World War II crippled the Estonian economy. Post-war [[Sovietization]] of life continued with the integration of Estonia's economy and industry into the [[USSR]]'s centrally planned structure. Before the war, Estonia and [[Finland]] had a relatively similar standard of living. By 1987, capitalist Finland's GDP per capita reached 14,370 USD, while communist Estonia's GDP per capita was around 2,000 USD.<ref name="heritage"/> After Estonia moved away from Communism in the late 1980s and became an independent capitalist economy in 1991, it emerged as a pioneer of the global economy. In 1994, it became one of the first countries in the world to adopt a [[flat tax]], with a uniform rate of 26% regardless of personal income. Between 2005 and 2008, the personal income tax rate was reduced from 26% to 21% in several steps. Estonia received more foreign investment per capita in the second half of the 1990s than any other country in Central and Eastern Europe.<ref name="heritage">{{cite web |last=Laar |first=Mart |title=The Estonian Economic Miracle |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]] |date=7 August 2007 |url= http://www.heritage.org/Research/WorldwideFreedom/bg2060.cfm |accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref> The country has been quickly catching up with the [[EU-15]]; its GDP per capita having grown from 34.8% of the EU-15 average in 1996 to 65% in 2007, similar to that of Central European countries.<ref name="heritage"/> It is already rated a high-income country by the [[World Bank Group|World Bank]]. The [[Purchasing power parity|GDP (PPP) per capita]] of the country, a good indicator of wealth, was $23,631 in 2012 according to the World Bank,<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD |accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref> between that of [[Portugal]] and Lithuania, but below that of long-time EU members such as [[Greece]] or [[Spain]]. Because of its economic performance after the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet breakup]], Estonia has been termed one of the [[Baltic Tiger]]s. In 2008, Estonia was ranked 12th of 162 countries in the [[Index of Economic Freedom]] 2008, the best of any former Soviet republic. The same year, the country was on bottom of Europe by labour market freedom, but the government is drafting improvements.<ref>{{cite news |last=Koovit |first=Kaja |title=Estonia on bottom of Europe by labour market freedom |date=20 May 2008 |agency=Baltic Business News |url= http://www.bbn.ee/?PublicationId=60cb40ba-e355-4d36-88ee-1ba221201681 |accessdate=1 August 2012}}</ref> Estonia is 21st on the [[Ease of Doing Business Index]] 2013 by the [[World Bank Group]]. <!-- When? -->The [[Government of Estonia]] decided that the country should adopt the [[euro]] as its official currency, and finalized the design of [[Estonian euro coins]] in late 2004.{{dubious|date=August 2016}} The switchover to the euro took place on 1 January 2011,<ref name="reuters-2011-01-01">{{cite news |last=Mardiste |first=David |title=Estonia joins crisis-hit euro club |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6BU0S720110101 |accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref> later than planned, because continued high inflation had prevented the country from fulfilling the entry criteria earlier. Until joining the eurozone, the [[Estonian kroon]] had been pegged to the euro at a rate of 15.64664 EEK to one euro; before then, the kroon was pegged to the German mark at approximately 8 EEK to one DEM. The [[Financial Crisis of 2008]] has had a grave effect on the Estonian economy, primarily as a result of an investment and consumption slump that followed the bursting of the real estate market bubble that had been building up during the preceding years. Estonia had the EU's worst year for unemployment, which rose from 3.9% in May 2008 to 15.6% in May 2009.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zumbrun |first=Joshua |title=In Pictures: The World's Hardest-Hit Economies |work=Forbes |url= https://www.forbes.com/2009/07/08/economics-iceland-ireland-business-beltway-countries_slide_4.html}}</ref> Nevertheless, long-term prospects for the Estonian economy remain among the most promising in Europe. In 2011, the real GDP growth in Estonia was 8.0%, and according to the projections made by the [[Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales|CEPII]], by 2025 the GDP per capita could rise to the level of Nordic economies of Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Norway. According to the same projections, by 2050, Estonia could become the most productive country in the EU, after Luxembourg, and thus join the top five most productive nations in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Great Shift: Macroeconomic projections for the world economy at the 2050 horizon |publisher=[[Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales|CEPII]] |location=France |date=February 2012 |url= http://www.cepii.fr/anglaisgraph/workpap/pdf/2012/wp2012-03.pdf |accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref> == Early history == {{unreferenced section|date=December 2016}} Until the early 13th century, the territory that is now known as Estonia was independent. The economy was largely an agricultural one, but Estonia being a country with a long coastline, there were also many maritime activities. Autonomous development was brought to an end by the [[Northern Crusades]] undertaken by the King of Denmark, the German Livonian and the Teutonic military orders. The Estonian world was transformed by military conquest. The war against the invaders lasted from 1208–1227. The last Estonian county to fall was the island of Saaremaa in 1261. Thereafter, through many centuries until [[World War I|WWI]], Estonian agriculture consisted of native peasants working large feudal-type estates held by ethnic [[Baltic Germans|German]] [[landlord]]s. In the decades prior to independence, centralised [[Czar]]ist rule had created a rather large industrial sector dominated by the [[Kreenholm Manufacturing Company]], then the world's largest [[cotton mill]]. After declaring independence in 1918, the [[Estonian War of Independence]] and the subsequent signing of the [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)|Treaty of Tartu]] in 1920, the new Estonian state inherited a ruined post-war economy and an inflated ruble currency. Despite considerable hardship, dislocation, and unemployment, Estonia spent the first decade of independence entirely transforming its economy. In 1918, The Czarist ruble was replaced by the [[Estonian mark]], which was in circulation until 1927. By 1929, a stable currency, the [[Estonian kroon|kroon]], had been established. It was issued by the [[Bank of Estonia]], the country's [[central bank]]. Compensating the German landowners for their holdings, the government confiscated the estates and divided them into small farms, which subsequently formed the basis of Estonian prosperity. Trade focused on the local market and the West, particularly Germany and the United Kingdom. Only 3% of all commerce was with the [[USSR]]. The USSR's forcible annexation of Estonia in 1940 and the ensuing [[Nazism|Nazi]] and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] destruction during [[World War II]] crippled the Estonian economy. Post-war Sovietisation of life continued with the integration of Estonia's economy and industry into the USSR's centrally planned structure. More than 56% of Estonian farms were [[collective|collectivised]] in the month of April 1949 alone. Moscow expanded on those Estonian industries which had locally available raw materials, such as [[oil shale]] mining and phosphorites. == Modernisation and liberalisation == [[File:Tln1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Maakri]] has become the [[Central business district]] of Tallinn in the 21st century]] Since reestablishing independence, Estonia has styled itself as the gateway between East and West and aggressively pursued economic reform and integration with the West. Estonia's market reforms put it among the economic leaders in the former [[COMECON]] area. A balanced budget, almost non-existent [[public debt]], flat-rate [[income tax]], [[free trade]] regime, fully convertible currency backed by [[currency board]] and a strong peg to the [[euro]], competitive commercial banking sector, hospitable environment for foreign investment, innovative [[e-Services]] and even mobile-based services are all hallmarks of Estonia's free-market-based economy. Estonia also has made excellent progress in regard to [[structural adjustment]]. In June 1992, Estonia replaced the [[Russian ruble|ruble]] with its own freely convertible currency, the [[Estonian kroon|kroon]] (EEK). A [[currency board]] was created and the new currency was pegged to the German Mark at the rate of 8 Estonian kroons for 1 [[Deutsche Mark]]. When Germany introduced the [[euro]] the peg was changed to 15.6466 kroons for 1 euro. Estonia was set to adopt the euro in 2008 but due to high inflation rates the adoption date was delayed to 2011. On 1 January 2011, Estonia adopted the euro and became the 17th [[eurozone]] member state.<ref name="reuters-2011-01-01"/> The [[privatisation]] of state-owned firms is virtually complete, with only the port and the main power plants remaining in government hands. The constitution requires a balanced budget, and the protection afforded by Estonia's intellectual property laws is on a par of that of Europe's. In early 1992 both liquidity problems and structural weakness stemming from the communist era precipitated a banking crisis. As a result, effective bankruptcy legislation was enacted and privately owned, well-managed banks emerged as market leaders. Today, near-ideal conditions for the banking sector exist. Foreigners are not restricted from buying bank shares or acquiring majority holdings. [[Tallinn]]'s fully electronic [[Tallinn Stock Exchange|stock exchange]] opened in early 1996 and was bought out by Finland's [[Helsinki Stock Exchange]] in 2001. == The economy today == [[File:Real GDP growth in Estonia, 2002-2012.png|thumb|300px|Real GDP growth in Estonia, 2002-2012.]] The Estonian economy was one of the fastest growing in the world until 2006, with growth rates even exceeding 10% annually. Despite some concerns both in and outside of the country, the Estonian economy and its currency remained highly resilient and solvent. Until recent years, the Estonian economy has continued to grow with admirable rates. Estonian GDP grew by 6.4% in the year 2000 and with double digit speeds after accession to the EU in 2004. The GDP grew by 7.9% in 2007 alone. Increases in labor costs, rise of taxation on tobacco, alcohol, electricity, fuel, and gas, and also external pressures (growing prices of oil and food on the global market) are expected to raise inflation just above the 10% mark in the first months of 2009. In the first quarter 2008, GDP grew only 0.1%. The government made a supplementary negative budget, which was passed by the [[Riigikogu]]. The revenue of the budget was decreased for 2008 by EEK 6.1 billion and the expenditure by EEK 3.2 billion.<ref> {{cite web | title = Government approves supplementary budget for 2008 | publisher = Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Estonia | date = 15 May 2008 | url = http://www.fin.ee/?id=80290 | accessdate = 21 August 2012}} </ref> Estonia joined the World Trade Organization in 1999. A sizable current account deficits remains, but started to shrink in the last months of 2008 and is expected to do so in the near future. In the second quarter of 2013, the average monthly gross wage in Estonia was €976 (15,271 [[Estonian kroon|kroons]], US$1,328).<ref name="stat.ee"> {{cite web | title = Most requested statistics | work = Main indicators | publisher = [[Statistics Estonia]] | date = 30 September 2013 | url = http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators | accessdate = 4 October 2013}} </ref> Estonia is nearly energy independent, supplying over 90% of its electricity needs with [[Oil shale in Estonia|locally mined oil shale]]. Alternative energy sources such as wood, peat, and biomass make up approximately 9% of primary energy production. Estonia imports needed petroleum products from western Europe and Russia. Oil shale energy, telecommunications, textiles, chemical products, banking, services, food and fishing, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, and transportation are key sectors of the economy. The [[ice-free port]] of [[Port of Muuga|Muuga]], near [[Tallinn]], is a modern facility featuring good transshipment capability, a high-capacity grain elevator, chill/frozen storage, and brand-new oil tanker off-loading capabilities. The railroad serves as a conduit between the West, Russia, and other points to the East. After a long period of very high growth of GDP, the GDP of Estonia decreased by a little over 3% on a yearly basis in the 3rd quarter of 2008. In the 4th quarter of 2008 the negative growth was already −9.4%. Some{{Who|date=August 2009}} international experts and journalists, who like to view the three Baltic states as a single economic identity, have failed to notice that Estonia has constantly performed better than [[Lithuania]] and [[Latvia]] on many fundamental indicators.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} Still, in 2009 Estonia was one of the five worst performing economies in the world in terms of annual GDP growth rate.<ref> {{cite web | title = Country Comparison – National product real growth rate | work = The World Factbook | publisher = [[CIA]] | date = 2009 estimate | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html?countryName=Estonia&countryCode=en&regionCode=eu&rank=209#en | accessdate = 26 April 2010}} </ref> The current account deficit and inflation is lower than in Latvia, the GDP per capita is higher than in Latvia and Lithuania, Estonia's public debt is a very low 3.8% of GDP and government reserves are close to 10% of GDP. The difference is exemplified by the fact that in December 2008 Estonia became one of the donor countries to the [[IMF]] lead rescue package for [[Latvia]]. Estonia today is mainly influenced by developments in Finland, Russia, Sweden and Germany – the four main trade partners. The government recently greatly increased its spending on innovation. The prime minister from the [[Estonian Reform Party]] has stated its goal of bringing Estonian [[GDP per capita]] into the top 5 of the EU by 2022. However, the GDP of Estonia decreased by 1.4% in the 2nd quarter of 2008, over 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2008, and over 9% in the 4th quarter of 2008. The Estonian economy further contracted by 15.1% in the first quarter of 2009.<ref> {{cite news | last = Tubalkain-Trell | first = Marge | title = Estonian Economy Fell 15.1 pct in Q1 | publisher = Baltic Business News | date = 9 June 2009 | url = http://www.bbn.ee/?PublicationId=5e575e3c-7f5b-40c6-9a06-b3e53fb5d67b | accessdate = 21 August 2012}} </ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.investing.com/news/forex-news/estonian-economy-contracts-sharply-in-first-quarter-61196 | title=Estonian economy contracts sharply in first quarter | work=[[Investing.com]] | date=9 June 2009}}</ref> Low domestic and foreign demand have depressed the economy's overall output.<ref name="reuters-2009-06-09"> {{cite news | last = Mardiste | first = David | title = Estonian Economy Contracts Sharply in First Quarter | agency = [[Reuters]] | date = 9 June 2009 | url = http://www.forexpros.com/news/forex-news/estonian-economy-contracts-sharply-in-first-quarter-61196 | accessdate = 21 August 2012}} </ref> The Estonian economy's 33.7% industrial production drop was the sharpest decrease in industrial production in the entire [[European Union]].<ref> {{cite news | last = Tubalkain-Trell | first = Marge | title = Estonian Industrial Production Fell Most in EU | publisher = Baltic Business News | date = 12 June 2009 | url = http://www.bbn.ee/?PublicationId=3259772f-4391-4a3a-92d7-fa7eb18f6a02 | accessdate = 21 August 2012}} </ref> Since 2009, the Estonian economy has rebounded. The country's unemployment rate has dropped significantly and is now below 10%, and its GDP growth rate in 2011 was above 8% despite having negative population growth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unemployment in Europe (monthly) |format=The chart shows data for the EU, Estonia, and Finland |agency=[[Eurostat]] |work=Google Public Data |publisher=Google |url= http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=z8o7pt6rd5uqa6_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=unemployment_rate&fdim_y=seasonality:sa&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=country_group&idim=country_group:eu:non-eu&idim=country:fi:ee&ifdim=country_group&tstart=948657600000&tend=1366747200000&hl=en&ind=false#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=unemployment_rate&fdim_y=seasonality:sa&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=country_group&idim=country_group:eu:non-eu&idim=country:fi:ee&ifdim=country_group&tstart=948664800000&tend=1374613200000&hl=en_US&dl=en_US&ind=false |accessdate=2014-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GDP Growth Rate |agency=[[World Bank]] |work=Google Public Data |publisher=Google |url= http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_kd_zg&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:EST&ifdim=region&tdim=true&tstart=895950000000&tend=1306180800000&ind=false |accessdate=24 May 2013}}</ref> == The impact of the financial crisis of 2008 == On July 2009, Estonian [[VAT]] was increased from 18% to 20%.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tubalkain-Trell |first=Marge |title=MPs approve plan to increase VAT rate to 20 pct |publisher=Baltic Business News |date=18 June 2009 |url= http://bbn.ee/?PublicationId=87f66124-06d2-4a65-bc7b-49ccc6d69dfc |accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref> On 9 August 2011, just days after [[Standard & Poor's]] downgraded the credit rating of the United States, it raised Estonia's rating from A to {{nowrap begin}}AA-.{{nowrap end}} Among the factors S&P cited as contributing to its decision was confidence in Estonia's ability to "sustain strong economic growth."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ummelas |first=Ott |title=Estonia's Rating Raised to AA- by S&P on Economic Growth, Strong Finances |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |date=9 August 2011 |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-09/estonia-s-rating-raised-to-aa-by-s-p-on-growth-finances-1-.html |accessdate=11 August 2011 |quote=Estonia's credit rating was raised by Standard & Poor's Ratings to the second-highest level in eastern Europe on the Baltic country's strong economic growth and solid public finances.}}</ref> For Estonia, the late-2000s recession was comparatively easier to weather, because Estonia's budget has consistently been kept balanced, and this meant that Estonia's public debt relative to the country's GDP has remained one of the lowest in Europe. == Employment participation == [[File:Estonia Unemployment Rates.png|thumb|right|450px|Unemployment rate as a percentage of the labor force in [[Estonia]] according to [[Statistics Estonia]].]] Estonia has around 600,000 employees, yet the country has a shortage of skilled labor, and since skill shortages are experienced everywhere in Europe, the government has increased working visa quota for non-[[European Economic Area|EEA]] citizens, although it has nevertheless been criticized for being inadequate for addressing the shortages. The [[Late-2000s recession|late-2000s recession in the world]], the near-concurrent local property bust with changes in Estonian legislation to increase [[labour market flexibility]] (making it easier for companies to lay off workers) saw Estonia's unemployment rate shoot up to 18.8% throughout the duration of the crisis, then stabilise to 13.8% by summer 2011, as the economy recovered on the basis of strong exports. Internal consumption, and therefore imports, plummeted; and cuts were made in public finances.<ref>{{cite news |title=Estonian exceptionalism |work=Baltic economies |publisher=[[The Economist]] |date=14 July 2011 |url= http://www.economist.com/node/18959241 |accessdate=11 August 2011}}</ref> Some of the reduction in unemployment has been attributed to some Estonians' emigrating for employment to Finland, the UK, Australia, and elsewhere.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} After the recession, the unemployment rate went lower, and throughout 2015 and 2016, the rate stayed near the levels that preceded the economic downturn, staying at just above 6%.<ref name="stat.ee_main_indicators"/> ==Sectors== [[Tallinn]] has emerged as the country's financial center. According to Invest in Estonia, advantages of Estonian financial sector are unbureaucratic cooperation between companies and authorities, and relative abundance of educated people although young educated Estonians tend to emigrate to western Europe for greater income. The largest banks are [[Swedbank]], [[SEB Pank]] and [[Nordea]]. Several IPOs have been made recently on the [[Tallinn Stock Exchange]], a member [[OMX]] system. Estonian service sector employs over 60% of workforce. Estonia has a strong information technology (IT) sector, partly due to the [[Tiigrihüpe]] project undertaken in mid-1990s, and has been mentioned as the most "wired" and advanced country in Europe in the terms of [http://www.valitsus.ee/ e-government].<ref> {{cite news | title = Hackers Take Down the Most Wired Country in Europe | publisher = Wired | date = 21 August 2007 | url = https://www.wired.com/politics/security/magazine/15-09/ff_estonia | accessdate = 21 August 2012}} </ref> <!-- Someone should write more about service sector --> Farming, [[collectivization|collectivized]] until 20 years ago, has become privatized, more efficient, and the farming area has increased recently.<ref> {{cite web |last = Laansalu |first = Ants |title = Crisis in agriculture in the 1990s |work = The rural economy in Estonia until 2001 |publisher = [[Estonica]] |date = 9 October 2009 |url = http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=914&kateg=40&alam=94&leht=3 |accessdate = 11 August 2011 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070610040459/http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=914&kateg=40&alam=94&leht=3 |archivedate = 10 June 2007 |df = dmy-all }} </ref> The share of agriculture in the gross domestic product decreased from 15% to 3.3% during 1991–2000, while employment in agriculture decreased from 15% to 5.2%.<ref> {{cite press release | title = The biggest share of the gross domestic product of Estonia is continuously created in Harju county | publisher = [[Statistics Estonia]] | date = 26 September 2007 | url = http://www.stat.ee/18533 | accessdate = 11 August 2011}} </ref> The [[mining industry]] makes up 1% of the GDP. Mined commodities include oil shale, [[peat]], and industrial minerals, such as [[clay]]s, [[limestone]], [[sand]] and [[gravel]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Kuo |first=Chin S. |title=The Mineral Industries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania |work=U.S. Geolocial Survey Minerals Yearbook |format=PDF |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program |year=2001 |url= http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2001/enlglhmyb01.pdf |accessdate=10 August 2011}}</ref> Soviets created badly polluting industry in the early 1950s, concentrated in the north-east of the country. Socialist economy and military areas left the country highly polluted, and mainly because of [[oil shale industry]] in East-Virumaa, [[sulfur dioxide]] emissions per person is almost as high as in Czech Republic. The coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations, mainly the east. The government is looking for ways to reduce pollution further.<ref>{{cite web |author=Estonian Environment Information Centre |title=Pollution load |work=State of Environment in Estonia on Threshold of XXI Century |publisher=[[UNEP/GRID-Arendal]] &#x2013; Central & Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia |year=2001 |url= http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/estonia/env2001/content/soe/air_2-2.htm |accessdate=10 August 2011}}<br/>Main resource: ''[http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/estonia/env2001/content/soe State of Environment in Estonia on Threshold of XXI Century]''</ref> In 2000, the emissions were 80% smaller than in 1980, and the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies was 95% smaller than in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[CIA]] |title=Environment &#x2013; current issues (section) |work=Estonia – The World Factbook |publisher=[[University of Missouri&#x2013;St. Louis]] |date=17 May 2005 |url= http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2005/geos/en.html |accessdate=10 August 2011}}</ref> Estonian productivity is experiencing rapid growth, and consequently wages are also rising quickly, with a rise in private consumption of about 8% in 2005. According to Estonian Institute of Economic Research, the largest contributors to GDP growth in 2005 were processing industry, financial intermediation, retailing and wholesale trade, transport and communications.<ref name="companies2006">{{cite web |author=Estonian Institute of Economic Research |title=Top Estonian Enterprises 2006 |format=PDF |publisher=Enterprise Estonia |date=November 2006 |url= http://www.eas.ee/vfs/3282/Edetabel_ENG_2006_trykk_Bh.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070609233211/http://www.eas.ee/vfs/3282/Edetabel_ENG_2006_trykk_Bh.pdf |archivedate=9 June 2007}}</ref> In 2016, the 10 largest companies by revenue were [[Ericsson|Ericsson Eesti]], [[Tallink]], [[Eesti Energia]], [[Tallinna Kaubamaja]], [[Maxima Group|Maxima Eesti]], [[Rimi Baltic|Rimi Eesti Food]], [[Swedbank]], [[Silberauto]], [[BLRT Grupp]] and [[Coop Eesti Keskühistu]].<ref name="Top100">{{cite web|url=https://majandus24.postimees.ee/4294795/postimehe-top100-eesti-ettevotluses-riisusid-koore-suurfirmad|title=Postimehe Top 100|language=Estonian |publisher=Postimees}}</ref> The companies that reported the largest annual profits were [[Swedbank]], [[Eesti Energia]], [[SEB Pank]], [[Riigimetsa majandamise keskus]], [[Tallink]], [[Nordea]], [[Port of Tallinn]], [[Graanul Invest]], [[Olympic Entertainment Group]] and [[Elisa (company)|Elisa Eesti]].<ref name="Top100"/> {{col-start}} {{col-2}} ===Largest companies by revenue=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Company ! Revenue<br>(EUR millions)<ref name="Top100"/> |- |align=left|[[Ericsson|Ericsson Eesti]] |1,213.4 |- |align=left|[[Tallink|Tallink Grupp]] |937.8 |- |align=left|[[Eesti Energia]] |832.1 |- |align=left|[[Tallinna Kaubamaja]] |598.4 |- |align=left|[[Maxima Group|Maxima Eesti]] |445.2 |- |align=left|[[Rimi Baltic|Rimi Eesti Food]] |388.7 |- |align=left|[[Swedbank]] |354.5 |- |align=left|[[Silberauto]] |348.3 |- |align=left|[[BLRT Grupp]] |339.9 |- |align=left|[[Coop Eesti Keskühistu]] |314.0 |} {{col-2}} ===Largest companies by profit=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Company ! Profit<br>(EUR millions)<ref name="Top100"/> |- |align=left|[[Swedbank]] |191.2 |- |align=left|[[Eesti Energia]] |171.0 |- |align=left|[[SEB Pank]] |84.7 |- |align=left|[[Riigimetsa majandamise keskus]] |45.4 |- |align=left|[[Tallink|Tallink Grupp]] |44.1 |- |align=left|[[Nordea]] |41.2 |- |align=left|[[Port of Tallinn]] |39.5 |- |align=left|[[Graanul Invest]] |33.6 |- |align=left|[[Olympic Entertainment Group]] |29.8 |- |align=left|[[Elisa (company)|Elisa Eesti]] |25.8 |} {{col-end}} == Infrastructure == {{Main|Transport in Estonia}} [[File:VKG Ojamaa kaevandus.jpg|thumb|[[Oil shale]] supplies around 70% of the country's primary energy. Oil shale extraction in [[Viru Keemia Grupp|VKG]] Ojamaa mine.]] Railway transport dominates the cargo sector, comprising 70% of all carried goods, domestic and international. Road transport is the one that prevails in the passenger sector, accounting for over 90% of all transported passengers. 5 major cargo ports offer easy navigational access, deep waters, and good ice conditions. There are 12 airports and 1 [[heliport]] in Estonia. [[Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport]] is the largest airport in Estonia, with 1,73 million passengers and 22,764 tons of cargo (annual cargo growth 119.7%) in 2007. International flight companies such as [[Scandinavian Airlines System|SAS]], [[Finnair]], [[Lufthansa]], [[EasyJet]], and [[Nordic Aviation Group]] provide direct flights to 27 destinations.<ref>[http://www.investinestonia.com/index.php?option=displaypage&Itemid=111&op=page&SubMenu= TRANSPORTATION '''(dead link)'''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707071918/http://www.investinestonia.com/index.php?option=displaypage&Itemid=111&op=page&SubMenu= |date=7 July 2007 }}, Invest in Estonia</ref> Approximately 7.5% of the country's [[workforce]] is employed in transportation and the sector contributes over 10% of GDP. Estonia is getting much business from traffic between Europe and Russia, especially oil cargo through Estonian ports. Transit trade's share of GDP is disputed, but many agree that Russia's increased hostility is decreasing the share.<ref> {{cite web | last = Purju | first = Alari | title = Transit trade through Estonia: problems and developments | publisher = [[University of Turku]], [[Pan-European Institute]] | date = 29 February 2008 | url = http://www.tse.fi/FI/yksikot/erillislaitokset/pei/Documents/bre2008/expert_article172_12008.pdf | accessdate = 21 August 2012}} </ref><ref> {{cite news | last = Tubalkain-Trell | first = Marge | title = Estonian businessman: Estonian transit will struggle another 10 years | publisher = Baltic Business News | date = 19 June 2008 | url = http://www.bbn.ee/?PublicationId=43ce440f-713d-4469-ae85-5e9d12ddb2e1 | accessdate = 21 August 2012}} </ref> Instead of coal, electricity is generated by burning oil shale, with [[Narva Power Plants|largest stations in Narva]]. Oil shale supplies around 70% of the country's primary energy. Other energy sources are natural gas imported from Russia, wood, [[motor fuel]]s, and [[fuel oil]]s.<ref> {{cite web | title = Countries: Estonia | work = Wind energy in the Baltic Sea Region | publisher = Baltic Wind Energy Association | year = 2004 | url = http://www.windenergy-in-the-bsr.net/countries_detail_3.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081121195559/http://www.windenergy-in-the-bsr.net/countries_detail_3.html | archivedate = 21 November 2008}} </ref> [[Wind power in Estonia]] amounts to 58.1&nbsp;[[megawatt]]s, whilst roughly 399 megawatts worth of projects are currently being developed. Estonian energy liberalization is lagging far behind the [[Nordic energy market]]. During the accession negotiations with the EU, Estonia agreed that at least 35% of the market are opened before 2009 and all of non-household market, which totals around 77% of consumption, before 2013. Estonia is concerned that Russia could use energy markets to bully it.<ref> {{cite web |last=Kasekamp |first=Andres |last2=Mäe |first2=Andres |last3=Soosaar |first3=Sulev |last4=Uustalu |first4=Jaan |last5=Vares |first5=Villu |last6=Wegmarshaus |first6=Gert-Rüdiger |title=Energy Security of Estonia in the Context of the Energy Policy of the European Union |format=PDF |publisher=Estonian Foreign Policy Institute |date=September 2006 |url=http://www.evi.ee/lib/Security.pdf |accessdate=10 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108161835/http://www.evi.ee/lib/Security.pdf |archivedate=8 January 2012 |df=dmy }} </ref> The government is considering granting permits to nuclear power companies and there are plans for a shared nuclear facility with Latvia and Lithuania.<ref> {{cite news | title = Latvia, Estonia push for Baltic nuclear plant | agency = [[Agence France-Presse]] | publisher = Spacedaily.com | date = 18 February 2009 | url = http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Latvia_Estonia_push_for_Baltic_nuclear_plant_999.html | accessdate = 10 August 2011}} </ref> Estonia has a high Internet penetration, and connections are available throughout most of the country. == Trade == [[File:Tree Map of Estonia's Exports in 2011.svg|thumb|Graphical depiction of Estonia's product exports in HS product classification.]] {| class="sortable wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:left; font-size:90%;" |- style="font-size:100%; text-align:left" ! style="width:120px;"|Country!! style="width:60px;"|Export !! style="width:60px;"|Import</tr> |- | {{flag|Finland}} ||16%|| style="text-align:right"|14% |- | {{flag|Sweden}} ||19%|| style="text-align:right"|8% |- | {{flag|Latvia}} ||10%||style="text-align:right"|9% |- | {{flag|Lithuania}} ||6%|| style="text-align:right"|9% |- | {{flag|Germany}} ||5%||style="text-align:right"|11% |- | {{flag|Russia}} ||7%|| style="text-align:right"|6% |- | {{flag|Netherlands}} ||3%|| style="text-align:right"|6% |} Estonia exports machinery and equipment (33% of all exports annually), wood and paper (15% of all exports annually), textiles (14% of all exports annually), food products (8% of all exports annually), furniture (7% of all exports annually), and metals and [[chemical]] products.<ref name="cia-world-factbook"> {{cite web | title = CIA World Factbook: Estonia | publisher = [[CIA]] | url = http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/ir/IRProcessWeb/data/est/eng/curest.htm | accessdate = 21 August 2012}} </ref> Estonia also exports 1.562 million megawatt hours of electricity annually.<ref name="cia-world-factbook" /> Estonia imports machinery and equipment (33.5% of all imports annually), chemical products (11.6% of all imports annually), textiles (10.3'% of all imports annually), food products (9.4% of all imports annually), and transportation equipment (8.9% of all imports annually).<ref name="cia-world-factbook" /> Estonia imports 200 thousand megawatt hours of electricity annually.<ref name="cia-world-factbook" /> {{clear|right}} ↔±≃{{mvar|↦ℂ°∘≤ℚℂ∮′∐∭⋅∘ℝℝ⌋≐≃≈⊣⟨∞→▻⋊∴∀∃∉⊆⊇⊉⊃∪∏∏∏∈∴}} == Natural resources == {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%" |- style="font-size:100%; text-align:left" ! style="width:200px;"|[[natural resource|Resource]]!! style="width:200px;"|Location!! style="width:200px;"|[[Resource|Reserves]] |- | [[Oil shale]]||north-east|| style="text-align:right"|1,137,700,000 mln t |- | [[Bay mud|Sea mud]] (medical) ||south|| style="text-align:right"|1,356,400,000 mln t |- | [[sand|Construction sand]] ||across the country|| style="text-align:right"|166,700,000 mln m³ |- | [[Gravel|Construction gravel]] ||north||style="text-align:right"|32,800,000 mln m³ |- | [[Bay mud|Lake mud]] (medical)||across the country|| style="text-align:right"|1,133,300 mln t |- | [[Bay mud|Lake mud]] (fertilizer)||east|| style="text-align:right"|170,900 t |- | [[Clay|Ceramic clay]] ||across the country||style="text-align:right"|10,600,000 mln m³ |- | [[Clay|Ceramsid clay]] (for gravel) ||across the country|| style="text-align:right"|2,600,000 mln m³ |- | [[Dolomite|Technological dolomite]] ||west|| style="text-align:right"|16,600,000 mln m³ |- | [[Limestone|Technological limestone]] ||north|| style="text-align:right"|13,800,000 mln m³ |- | [[Dolomite|Decoration dolomite]] ||west|| style="text-align:right"|2,900,000 mln m³ |- | [[Dolomite|Construction dolomite]] ||west|| style="text-align:right"|32,900,000 mln m³ |- | [[Clay|Blue clay]] ||across the country|| style="text-align:right"|2,044,000 mln t |- | [[Granite]] ||across the country|| style="text-align:right"|1,245,100,000 mln m³ |- | [[Peat]] ||across the country|| style="text-align:right"|230,300,000 mln t |- | [[Limestone|Construction limestone]] ||north|| style="text-align:right"|110,300,000 mln m³ |- | [[Limestone|Limestone cement]] ||north|| style="text-align:right"|9,400,000 mln m³ |- | [[Clay|Clay cement]] ||north|| style="text-align:right"|15,6000,000 mln m³ |- | [[Graptolitic argillite]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ut.ee/BGGM/maavara/dityoneema.html|title=Maavarad|publisher=|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref> ||north|| style="text-align:right"| 64,000,000,000 mln t |- | Wood ||across the country|| style="text-align:right"|15,6000,000 mln m³ |- | [[Sand|Technological sand]] ||north|| style="text-align:right"|3,300,000 mln m³ |- | [[Lime (mineral)|Lake lime]] || north and south || style="text-align:right"|808,000 t |- | [[Phosphorite]] ||north|| style="text-align:right"|over 350,000,000 mln t (estimated) |- | [[Subsoil]] ||across the country|| style="text-align:right"| 21,1&nbsp;km³ |} == See also == * [[Economy of Europe]] * [[Estonia]] * [[Baltic Tiger]] == External links == * [http://trendeconomy.com/en/tradeSummary/H4/Estonia-Europe#Estonia Trade Profile (Imports/Exports) - Estonia] == Notes == {{Reflist}} {{Estonia topics|state=autocollapse}} {{Members of the European Union (EU)}} {{Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}} {{World Trade Organization}} {{Economy of Europe}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Economy Of Estonia}} [[Category:Economy of Estonia| ]] [[Category:European Union member economies|Estonia]] [[Category:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member economies|Estonia]] 044rlx4zq41be5uoeqbwwviwmg3bzdo 0 4702 817542197 817525453 2017-12-29T02:02:23Z Pete unseth 5231945 added data wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Brahui |nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|براهوئي}}</big> |region = [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Turkmenistan]] |map = Dravidische Sprachen.png |mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.<ref name="Parkin37"/> |ethnicity = [[Brahui people|Brahui]] |speakers = {{sigfig|4.22|1}} million |date = 2011 |ref = e18 |familycolor = Dravidian |fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]]? |script = [[Arabic script]] ([[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin script]] |agency = Brahui Language Board (Pakistan){{cn|date=December 2017}} |iso3 = brh |glotto=brah1256 |glottorefname=Brahui }} '''Brahui'''<ref name="University of Balochistan"/> {{IPAc-en|b|r|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}}<ref>{{OED|Brahui}}</ref> ({{lang-brh|براهوئي|links=no}}) is a [[Dravidian language]] spoken primarily by the [[Brahui people]] in the central part of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Baluchistan province]] in [[Pakistan]], and in scattered parts of [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], and [[Turkmenistan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan}}</ref> and by expatriate Brahui communities in [[Qatar]], [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Iraq]].<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala</ref> It is isolated from the nearest Dravidian-speaking neighbour population of [[South India]] by a distance of more than {{convert|1500|km}}.<ref name="Parkin37">{{harvnb|Parkin|1989|p=37}}</ref> [[Kalat District|Kalat]], [[Khuzdar District|Khuzdar]], [[Mastung District|Mastung]], and parts of [[Quetta District|Quetta]] district of Balochistan Province are predominantly Brahui-speaking. ==Distribution== Brahui is spoken in the central part of Pakistani Balochistan, mainly in [[Kalat District|Kalat]], [[Khuzdar District|Khuzdar]], and [[Mastung District|Mastung]] districts, but also in smaller numbers in neighboring districts, as well as in [[Afghanistan]] which borders Pakistani Balochistan; however, many members of the ethnic group [[language attrition|no longer speak]] Brahui.<ref name="Parkin37"/> The 2013 edition of [[Ethnologue]] reports that there are 4 million speakers of the language, and primarily in the Pakistan province of Balochistan.<ref name="e18"/> There are also an unknown very small number of expatriate Brahuis in the Arab States of the [[Persian Gulf]], Iranian Balochistan, and Turkmenistan.<ref name="books.google.nl"/> ==Dialects== There are no important dialectical differences. Jhalawani (southern, centered on [[Khuzdar]]) and Sarawani (northern, centered on [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]]) dialects are distinguished by the pronunciation of *h, which is only retained in the north. (Elfenbein 1997) Brahui has been influenced by the [[Iranian languages]] spoken in the area, including [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], and [[Pashto]].<ref>{{harvnb|Emeneau|1962}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2010}} ==Phonology== The vowels are the same as Balochi: long ''a e i o u'', short ''a i u'', diphthongs ''aj, aw''. Stress has also been borrowed from Balochi, and occurs on the first long vowel or diphthong, or on the first syllable if all vowels are short. Consonants are less similar to Balochi, with differences in the patterns of retroflexion and aspiration, with Brahui further differing in having native fricatives, which include the [[voiceless lateral fricative]] {{IPA|[ɬ]}}, a sound not otherwise found in the region.{{sfn|Bashir|2016|p=274}} {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center ! !colspan=2|[[Labial consonant|Labial]] !colspan=2|[[Dental consonant|Dental]] !colspan=2|[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !colspan=2|[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] !colspan=2|[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !colspan=2|[[Velar consonant|Velar]] !colspan=2|[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|m}} |style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|n}} |colspan=2| |style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|ɳ}} |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |- ![[Stop consonant|Stop]] |style=border-right:0|{{IPA|p}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|b}} |style=border-right:0|{{IPA|t}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|d}} |colspan=2| |style=border-right:0|{{IPA|ʈ}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|ɖ}} |style=border-right:0|{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|d͡ʒ}} |style=border-right:0|{{IPA|k}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|ɡ}} |style=border-right:0|{{IPA|ʔ}}||style=border-left:0| |- ![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |style=border-right:0|{{IPA|f}}||style=border-left:0| |colspan=2| |style=border-right:0|{{IPA|s}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|z}} |colspan=2| |style=border-right:0|{{IPA|ʃ}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|ʒ}} |style=border-right:0|{{IPA|x}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|ɣ}} |style=border-right:0|{{IPA|h}}||style=border-left:0| |- ![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |style=border-right:0|{{IPA|ɬ}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|l}} |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |- ![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] |colspan=2| |style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|ɾ}} |colspan=2| |style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|ɽ}} |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |- ![[Glide consonant|Glide]] |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|j}} |style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|{{IPA|w}} |colspan=2| |} ==Orthography== ===Arabic script=== Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic family of scripts|Brahmi]]-based script; instead, it is written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century. <ref>http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ "Бесписьменный язык Б."</ref> In Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, the [[Nastaʿlīq script]] is used in writing. ===Latin script=== More recently, a Roman-based orthography named [[Brolikva]] (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta, and adopted by the newspaper [[Talár]]. Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|publication-place=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%;" |[[b]] |[[á]] |[[p]] |[[í]] |[[s]] |[[y]] |[[ş]] |[[v]] |[[x]] |[[e]] |[[z]] |[[ź]] |[[ģ]] |[[f]] |[[ú]] |[[m]] |[[n]] |[[l]] |[[g]] |[[c]] |[[t]] |[[ŧ]] |[[r]] |[[ŕ]] |[[d]] |[[o]] |[[đ]] |[[h]] |[[j]] |[[k]] |[[a]] |[[i]] |[[u]] |[[ń]] |[[ļ]] |} The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative. ==Endangerment== According to a 2009 [[UNESCO]] report, Brahui is one of the 27 [[languages of Pakistan]] that are facing the [[endangered language|danger]] of [[extinct language|extinction]]. They classify it in "unsafe" status, the least endangered level out of the five levels of concern (Unsafe, Definitely Endangered, Severely Endangered, Critically Endangered, and Extinct).<ref>{{harvnb|Moseley|2009}}</ref> ===Publications=== [[Talár (Newspaper)|Talár]] is the first daily newspaper in the Brahui language. It uses the new Roman orthography, and is "an attempt to standardize and develop [the] Brahui language to meet the requirements of modern political, social and scientific discourse."<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.talarpub.tk/|publisher=Talár Publications|title=Haftaí Talár|accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref> ==History== There is no consensus as to whether Brahui is a relatively recent language introduced into Balochistan or remnant of an older widespread Dravidian language family. According to Josef Elfenbein (1989), the most common theory is that the Brahui were part of a [[proto-Dravidian people|Dravidian]] invasion of north-western India in 3rd millennium BC, but unlike other Dravidians who migrated to the south, they remained in Sarawan and Jahlawan since before 2000 BC.<ref>http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/brahui</ref> However, some other scholars see it as a recent migrant language to its present region. They postulate, that Brahui could only have migrated to Balochistan from [[central India]] after 1000 CE. The absence of any older Iranian ([[Avestan]]) loanwords in Brahui supports this hypothesis. The main Iranian contributor to Brahui vocabulary, Balochi, is a [[Northwestern Iranian language]], and moved to the area from the west only around 1000 CE.<ref>{{harvnb|Witzel|1998|p=1}}, which cites {{harvnb|Elfenbein|1987}}</ref> One scholar places the migration as late as the 13th or 14th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Sergent|1997|pp=129–130}}</ref> ==Notes and references== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{refbegin}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|accessdate=2010-06-29}} *{{Citation| last = Bashir| first = Elena L.| date = 2016| chapter = Contact and convergence. Baluchistan| editor-last1 = Hock| editor-first1 = Hans Henrich| editor-last2 = Bashir| editor-first2 = Elena L.| title = The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide| series = World of Linguistics| publisher = De Gruyter Mouton| location = Berlin| isbn = 978-3-11-042715-8| pages = 271–84}} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{Citation|first=J. H.|last=Elfenbein|title=A Periplus of the 'Brahui Problem'|journal=Studia Iranica|volume=16|issue=2|year=1987|pages=215–233|doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604}} *{{Citation|last=Emeneau|first=Murray B.|authorlink=Murray Barnson Emeneau|year=1962|title=Bilingualism and structural borrowing|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume=106|issue=5|pages=430–442|jstor=985488}} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Citation|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1007/BF00182435|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|authorlink=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{Citation|last=Witzel|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Witzel|date=February 1998|chapter=The Languages of Harappa|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/IndusLang.pdf|title=Proceedings of the Conference on the Indus Civilisation|editor-last=Kenoyer|editor-first=Jonathan Mark|publication-place=Madison, Wisconsin}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Dravidian languages}} {{Languages of South Asia}} {{Languages of Afghanistan}} {{Languages of Pakistan}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Endangered languages]] 65iln6vn89gk45j4kbb2ca892mkutn7