"""Base class to manage a running kernel""" # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team. # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License. from contextlib import contextmanager import asyncio import os import re import signal import sys import time import warnings from enum import Enum import zmq from .localinterfaces import is_local_ip, local_ips from traitlets import ( Any, Float, Instance, Unicode, List, Bool, Type, DottedObjectName, default, observe, observe_compat ) from traitlets.utils.importstring import import_item from jupyter_client import ( launch_kernel, kernelspec, ) from .connect import ConnectionFileMixin from .managerabc import ( KernelManagerABC ) class _ShutdownStatus(Enum): """ This is so far used only for testing in order to track the internal state of the shutdown logic, and verifying which path is taken for which missbehavior. """ Unset = None ShutdownRequest = "ShutdownRequest" SigtermRequest = "SigtermRequest" SigkillRequest = "SigkillRequest" class KernelManager(ConnectionFileMixin): """Manages a single kernel in a subprocess on this host. This version starts kernels with Popen. """ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) self._shutdown_status = _ShutdownStatus.Unset _created_context = Bool(False) # The PyZMQ Context to use for communication with the kernel. context = Instance(zmq.Context) def _context_default(self): self._created_context = True return zmq.Context() # the class to create with our `client` method client_class = DottedObjectName('jupyter_client.blocking.BlockingKernelClient') client_factory = Type(klass='jupyter_client.KernelClient') def _client_factory_default(self): return import_item(self.client_class) @observe('client_class') def _client_class_changed(self, change): self.client_factory = import_item(str(change['new'])) # The kernel process with which the KernelManager is communicating. # generally a Popen instance kernel = Any() kernel_spec_manager = Instance(kernelspec.KernelSpecManager) def _kernel_spec_manager_default(self): return kernelspec.KernelSpecManager(data_dir=self.data_dir) @observe('kernel_spec_manager') @observe_compat def _kernel_spec_manager_changed(self, change): self._kernel_spec = None shutdown_wait_time = Float( 5.0, config=True, help="Time to wait for a kernel to terminate before killing it, " "in seconds. When a shutdown request is initiated, the kernel " "will be immediately send and interrupt (SIGINT), followed" "by a shutdown_request message, after 1/2 of `shutdown_wait_time`" "it will be sent a terminate (SIGTERM) request, and finally at " "the end of `shutdown_wait_time` will be killed (SIGKILL). terminate " "and kill may be equivalent on windows.", ) kernel_name = Unicode(kernelspec.NATIVE_KERNEL_NAME) @observe('kernel_name') def _kernel_name_changed(self, change): self._kernel_spec = None if change['new'] == 'python': self.kernel_name = kernelspec.NATIVE_KERNEL_NAME _kernel_spec = None @property def kernel_spec(self): if self._kernel_spec is None and self.kernel_name != '': self._kernel_spec = self.kernel_spec_manager.get_kernel_spec(self.kernel_name) return self._kernel_spec kernel_cmd = List(Unicode(), config=True, help="""DEPRECATED: Use kernel_name instead. The Popen Command to launch the kernel. Override this if you have a custom kernel. If kernel_cmd is specified in a configuration file, Jupyter does not pass any arguments to the kernel, because it cannot make any assumptions about the arguments that the kernel understands. In particular, this means that the kernel does not receive the option --debug if it given on the Jupyter command line. """ ) def _kernel_cmd_changed(self, name, old, new): warnings.warn("Setting kernel_cmd is deprecated, use kernel_spec to " "start different kernels.") cache_ports = Bool(help='True if the MultiKernelManager should cache ports for this KernelManager instance') @default('cache_ports') def _default_cache_ports(self): return self.transport == 'tcp' @property def ipykernel(self): return self.kernel_name in {'python', 'python2', 'python3'} # Protected traits _launch_args = Any() _control_socket = Any() _restarter = Any() autorestart = Bool(True, config=True, help="""Should we autorestart the kernel if it dies.""" ) shutting_down = False def __del__(self): self._close_control_socket() self.cleanup_connection_file() #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Kernel restarter #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- def start_restarter(self): pass def stop_restarter(self): pass def add_restart_callback(self, callback, event='restart'): """register a callback to be called when a kernel is restarted""" if self._restarter is None: return self._restarter.add_callback(callback, event) def remove_restart_callback(self, callback, event='restart'): """unregister a callback to be called when a kernel is restarted""" if self._restarter is None: return self._restarter.remove_callback(callback, event) #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # create a Client connected to our Kernel #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- def client(self, **kwargs): """Create a client configured to connect to our kernel""" kw = {} kw.update(self.get_connection_info(session=True)) kw.update(dict( connection_file=self.connection_file, parent=self, )) # add kwargs last, for manual overrides kw.update(kwargs) return self.client_factory(**kw) #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Kernel management #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- def format_kernel_cmd(self, extra_arguments=None): """replace templated args (e.g. {connection_file})""" extra_arguments = extra_arguments or [] if self.kernel_cmd: cmd = self.kernel_cmd + extra_arguments else: cmd = self.kernel_spec.argv + extra_arguments if cmd and cmd[0] in {'python', 'python%i' % sys.version_info[0], 'python%i.%i' % sys.version_info[:2]}: # executable is 'python' or 'python3', use sys.executable. # These will typically be the same, # but if the current process is in an env # and has been launched by abspath without # activating the env, python on PATH may not be sys.executable, # but it should be. cmd[0] = sys.executable # Make sure to use the realpath for the connection_file # On windows, when running with the store python, the connection_file path # is not usable by non python kernels because the path is being rerouted when # inside of a store app. # See this bug here: https://bugs.python.org/issue41196 ns = dict(connection_file=os.path.realpath(self.connection_file), prefix=sys.prefix, ) if self.kernel_spec: ns["resource_dir"] = self.kernel_spec.resource_dir ns.update(self._launch_args) pat = re.compile(r'\{([A-Za-z0-9_]+)\}') def from_ns(match): """Get the key out of ns if it's there, otherwise no change.""" return ns.get(match.group(1), match.group()) return [ pat.sub(from_ns, arg) for arg in cmd ] def _launch_kernel(self, kernel_cmd, **kw): """actually launch the kernel override in a subclass to launch kernel subprocesses differently """ return launch_kernel(kernel_cmd, **kw) # Control socket used for polite kernel shutdown def _connect_control_socket(self): if self._control_socket is None: self._control_socket = self._create_connected_socket('control') self._control_socket.linger = 100 def _close_control_socket(self): if self._control_socket is None: return self._control_socket.close() self._control_socket = None def pre_start_kernel(self, **kw): """Prepares a kernel for startup in a separate process. If random ports (port=0) are being used, this method must be called before the channels are created. Parameters ---------- `**kw` : optional keyword arguments that are passed down to build the kernel_cmd and launching the kernel (e.g. Popen kwargs). """ self.shutting_down = False if self.transport == 'tcp' and not is_local_ip(self.ip): raise RuntimeError("Can only launch a kernel on a local interface. " "This one is not: %s." "Make sure that the '*_address' attributes are " "configured properly. " "Currently valid addresses are: %s" % (self.ip, local_ips()) ) # write connection file / get default ports self.write_connection_file() # save kwargs for use in restart self._launch_args = kw.copy() # build the Popen cmd extra_arguments = kw.pop('extra_arguments', []) kernel_cmd = self.format_kernel_cmd(extra_arguments=extra_arguments) env = kw.pop('env', os.environ).copy() # Don't allow PYTHONEXECUTABLE to be passed to kernel process. # If set, it can bork all the things. env.pop('PYTHONEXECUTABLE', None) if not self.kernel_cmd: # If kernel_cmd has been set manually, don't refer to a kernel spec. # Environment variables from kernel spec are added to os.environ. env.update(self._get_env_substitutions(self.kernel_spec.env, env)) kw['env'] = env return kernel_cmd, kw def _get_env_substitutions(self, templated_env, substitution_values): """ Walks env entries in templated_env and applies possible substitutions from current env (represented by substitution_values). Returns the substituted list of env entries. """ substituted_env = {} if templated_env: from string import Template # For each templated env entry, fill any templated references # matching names of env variables with those values and build # new dict with substitutions. for k, v in templated_env.items(): substituted_env.update({k: Template(v).safe_substitute(substitution_values)}) return substituted_env def post_start_kernel(self, **kw): self.start_restarter() self._connect_control_socket() def start_kernel(self, **kw): """Starts a kernel on this host in a separate process. If random ports (port=0) are being used, this method must be called before the channels are created. Parameters ---------- `**kw` : optional keyword arguments that are passed down to build the kernel_cmd and launching the kernel (e.g. Popen kwargs). """ kernel_cmd, kw = self.pre_start_kernel(**kw) # launch the kernel subprocess self.log.debug("Starting kernel: %s", kernel_cmd) self.kernel = self._launch_kernel(kernel_cmd, **kw) self.post_start_kernel(**kw) def request_shutdown(self, restart=False): """Send a shutdown request via control channel """ content = dict(restart=restart) msg = self.session.msg("shutdown_request", content=content) # ensure control socket is connected self._connect_control_socket() self.session.send(self._control_socket, msg) def finish_shutdown(self, waittime=None, pollinterval=0.1): """Wait for kernel shutdown, then kill process if it doesn't shutdown. This does not send shutdown requests - use :meth:`request_shutdown` first. """ if waittime is None: waittime = max(self.shutdown_wait_time, 0) self._shutdown_status = _ShutdownStatus.ShutdownRequest def poll_or_sleep_to_kernel_gone(): """ Poll until the kernel is not responding, then wait (the subprocess), until process gone. After this function the kernel is either: - still responding; or - subprocess has been culled. """ if self.is_alive(): time.sleep(pollinterval) else: # If there's still a proc, wait and clear if self.has_kernel: self.kernel.wait() self.kernel = None return True # wait 50% of the shutdown timeout... for i in range(int(waittime / 2 / pollinterval)): if poll_or_sleep_to_kernel_gone(): break else: # if we've exited the loop normally (no break) # send sigterm and wait the other 50%. self.log.debug("Kernel is taking too long to finish, terminating") self._shutdown_status = _ShutdownStatus.SigtermRequest self._send_kernel_sigterm() for i in range(int(waittime / 2 / pollinterval)): if poll_or_sleep_to_kernel_gone(): break else: # OK, we've waited long enough. if self.has_kernel: self.log.debug("Kernel is taking too long to finish, killing") self._shutdown_status = _ShutdownStatus.SigkillRequest self._kill_kernel() def cleanup_resources(self, restart=False): """Clean up resources when the kernel is shut down""" if not restart: self.cleanup_connection_file() self.cleanup_ipc_files() self._close_control_socket() self.session.parent = None if self._created_context and not restart: self.context.destroy(linger=100) def cleanup(self, connection_file=True): """Clean up resources when the kernel is shut down""" warnings.warn("Method cleanup(connection_file=True) is deprecated, use cleanup_resources(restart=False).", FutureWarning) self.cleanup_resources(restart=not connection_file) def shutdown_kernel(self, now=False, restart=False): """Attempts to stop the kernel process cleanly. This attempts to shutdown the kernels cleanly by: 1. Sending it a shutdown message over the control channel. 2. If that fails, the kernel is shutdown forcibly by sending it a signal. Parameters ---------- now : bool Should the kernel be forcible killed *now*. This skips the first, nice shutdown attempt. restart: bool Will this kernel be restarted after it is shutdown. When this is True, connection files will not be cleaned up. """ self.shutting_down = True # Used by restarter to prevent race condition # Stop monitoring for restarting while we shutdown. self.stop_restarter() self.interrupt_kernel() if now: self._kill_kernel() else: self.request_shutdown(restart=restart) # Don't send any additional kernel kill messages immediately, to give # the kernel a chance to properly execute shutdown actions. Wait for at # most 1s, checking every 0.1s. self.finish_shutdown() # In 6.1.5, a new method, cleanup_resources(), was introduced to address # a leak issue (https://github.com/jupyter/jupyter_client/pull/548) and # replaced the existing cleanup() method. However, that method introduction # breaks subclass implementations that override cleanup() since it would # circumvent cleanup() functionality implemented in subclasses. # By detecting if the current instance overrides cleanup(), we can determine # if the deprecated path of calling cleanup() should be performed - which avoids # unnecessary deprecation warnings in a majority of configurations in which # subclassed KernelManager instances are not in use. # Note: because subclasses may have already implemented cleanup_resources() # but need to support older jupyter_clients, we should only take the deprecated # path if cleanup() is overridden but cleanup_resources() is not. overrides_cleanup = type(self).cleanup is not KernelManager.cleanup overrides_cleanup_resources = type(self).cleanup_resources is not KernelManager.cleanup_resources if overrides_cleanup and not overrides_cleanup_resources: self.cleanup(connection_file=not restart) else: self.cleanup_resources(restart=restart) def restart_kernel(self, now=False, newports=False, **kw): """Restarts a kernel with the arguments that were used to launch it. Parameters ---------- now : bool, optional If True, the kernel is forcefully restarted *immediately*, without having a chance to do any cleanup action. Otherwise the kernel is given 1s to clean up before a forceful restart is issued. In all cases the kernel is restarted, the only difference is whether it is given a chance to perform a clean shutdown or not. newports : bool, optional If the old kernel was launched with random ports, this flag decides whether the same ports and connection file will be used again. If False, the same ports and connection file are used. This is the default. If True, new random port numbers are chosen and a new connection file is written. It is still possible that the newly chosen random port numbers happen to be the same as the old ones. `**kw` : optional Any options specified here will overwrite those used to launch the kernel. """ if self._launch_args is None: raise RuntimeError("Cannot restart the kernel. " "No previous call to 'start_kernel'.") else: # Stop currently running kernel. self.shutdown_kernel(now=now, restart=True) if newports: self.cleanup_random_ports() # Start new kernel. self._launch_args.update(kw) self.start_kernel(**self._launch_args) @property def has_kernel(self): """Has a kernel been started that we are managing.""" return self.kernel is not None def _send_kernel_sigterm(self): """similar to _kill_kernel, but with sigterm (not sigkill), but do not block""" if self.has_kernel: # Signal the kernel to terminate (sends SIGTERM on Unix and # if the kernel is a subprocess and we are on windows; this is # equivalent to kill try: if hasattr(self.kernel, "terminate"): self.kernel.terminate() elif hasattr(signal, "SIGTERM"): self.signal_kernel(signal.SIGTERM) else: self.log.debug( "Cannot set term signal to kernel, no" " `.terminate()` method and no values for SIGTERM" ) except OSError as e: # In Windows, we will get an Access Denied error if the process # has already terminated. Ignore it. if sys.platform == "win32": if e.winerror != 5: raise # On Unix, we may get an ESRCH error if the process has already # terminated. Ignore it. else: from errno import ESRCH if e.errno != ESRCH: raise def _kill_kernel(self): """Kill the running kernel. This is a private method, callers should use shutdown_kernel(now=True). """ if self.has_kernel: # Signal the kernel to terminate (sends SIGKILL on Unix and calls # TerminateProcess() on Win32). try: if hasattr(signal, 'SIGKILL'): self.signal_kernel(signal.SIGKILL) else: self.kernel.kill() except OSError as e: # In Windows, we will get an Access Denied error if the process # has already terminated. Ignore it. if sys.platform == 'win32': if e.winerror != 5: raise # On Unix, we may get an ESRCH error if the process has already # terminated. Ignore it. else: from errno import ESRCH if e.errno != ESRCH: raise # Block until the kernel terminates. self.kernel.wait() self.kernel = None def interrupt_kernel(self): """Interrupts the kernel by sending it a signal. Unlike ``signal_kernel``, this operation is well supported on all platforms. """ if self.has_kernel: interrupt_mode = self.kernel_spec.interrupt_mode if interrupt_mode == 'signal': if sys.platform == 'win32': from .win_interrupt import send_interrupt send_interrupt(self.kernel.win32_interrupt_event) else: self.signal_kernel(signal.SIGINT) elif interrupt_mode == 'message': msg = self.session.msg("interrupt_request", content={}) self._connect_control_socket() self.session.send(self._control_socket, msg) else: raise RuntimeError("Cannot interrupt kernel. No kernel is running!") def signal_kernel(self, signum): """Sends a signal to the process group of the kernel (this usually includes the kernel and any subprocesses spawned by the kernel). Note that since only SIGTERM is supported on Windows, this function is only useful on Unix systems. """ if self.has_kernel: if hasattr(os, "getpgid") and hasattr(os, "killpg"): try: pgid = os.getpgid(self.kernel.pid) os.killpg(pgid, signum) return except OSError: pass self.kernel.send_signal(signum) else: raise RuntimeError("Cannot signal kernel. No kernel is running!") def is_alive(self): """Is the kernel process still running?""" if self.has_kernel: if self.kernel.poll() is None: return True else: return False else: # we don't have a kernel return False class AsyncKernelManager(KernelManager): """Manages kernels in an asynchronous manner """ client_class = DottedObjectName('jupyter_client.asynchronous.AsyncKernelClient') client_factory = Type(klass='jupyter_client.asynchronous.AsyncKernelClient') async def _launch_kernel(self, kernel_cmd, **kw): """actually launch the kernel override in a subclass to launch kernel subprocesses differently """ res = launch_kernel(kernel_cmd, **kw) return res async def start_kernel(self, **kw): """Starts a kernel in a separate process in an asynchronous manner. If random ports (port=0) are being used, this method must be called before the channels are created. Parameters ---------- `**kw` : optional keyword arguments that are passed down to build the kernel_cmd and launching the kernel (e.g. Popen kwargs). """ kernel_cmd, kw = self.pre_start_kernel(**kw) # launch the kernel subprocess self.log.debug("Starting kernel (async): %s", kernel_cmd) self.kernel = await self._launch_kernel(kernel_cmd, **kw) self.post_start_kernel(**kw) async def finish_shutdown(self, waittime=None, pollinterval=0.1): """Wait for kernel shutdown, then kill process if it doesn't shutdown. This does not send shutdown requests - use :meth:`request_shutdown` first. """ if waittime is None: waittime = max(self.shutdown_wait_time, 0) self._shutdown_status = _ShutdownStatus.ShutdownRequest try: await asyncio.wait_for( self._async_wait(pollinterval=pollinterval), timeout=waittime / 2 ) except asyncio.TimeoutError: self.log.debug("Kernel is taking too long to finish, terminating") self._shutdown_status = _ShutdownStatus.SigtermRequest await self._send_kernel_sigterm() try: await asyncio.wait_for( self._async_wait(pollinterval=pollinterval), timeout=waittime / 2 ) except asyncio.TimeoutError: self.log.debug("Kernel is taking too long to finish, killing") self._shutdown_status = _ShutdownStatus.SigkillRequest await self._kill_kernel() else: # Process is no longer alive, wait and clear if self.kernel is not None: self.kernel.wait() self.kernel = None async def shutdown_kernel(self, now=False, restart=False): """Attempts to stop the kernel process cleanly. This attempts to shutdown the kernels cleanly by: 1. Sending it a shutdown message over the shell channel. 2. If that fails, the kernel is shutdown forcibly by sending it a signal. Parameters ---------- now : bool Should the kernel be forcible killed *now*. This skips the first, nice shutdown attempt. restart: bool Will this kernel be restarted after it is shutdown. When this is True, connection files will not be cleaned up. """ self.shutting_down = True # Used by restarter to prevent race condition # Stop monitoring for restarting while we shutdown. self.stop_restarter() await self.interrupt_kernel() if now: await self._kill_kernel() else: self.request_shutdown(restart=restart) # Don't send any additional kernel kill messages immediately, to give # the kernel a chance to properly execute shutdown actions. Wait for at # most 1s, checking every 0.1s. await self.finish_shutdown() # See comment in KernelManager.shutdown_kernel(). overrides_cleanup = type(self).cleanup is not AsyncKernelManager.cleanup overrides_cleanup_resources = type(self).cleanup_resources is not AsyncKernelManager.cleanup_resources if overrides_cleanup and not overrides_cleanup_resources: self.cleanup(connection_file=not restart) else: self.cleanup_resources(restart=restart) async def restart_kernel(self, now=False, newports=False, **kw): """Restarts a kernel with the arguments that were used to launch it. Parameters ---------- now : bool, optional If True, the kernel is forcefully restarted *immediately*, without having a chance to do any cleanup action. Otherwise the kernel is given 1s to clean up before a forceful restart is issued. In all cases the kernel is restarted, the only difference is whether it is given a chance to perform a clean shutdown or not. newports : bool, optional If the old kernel was launched with random ports, this flag decides whether the same ports and connection file will be used again. If False, the same ports and connection file are used. This is the default. If True, new random port numbers are chosen and a new connection file is written. It is still possible that the newly chosen random port numbers happen to be the same as the old ones. `**kw` : optional Any options specified here will overwrite those used to launch the kernel. """ if self._launch_args is None: raise RuntimeError("Cannot restart the kernel. " "No previous call to 'start_kernel'.") else: # Stop currently running kernel. await self.shutdown_kernel(now=now, restart=True) if newports: self.cleanup_random_ports() # Start new kernel. self._launch_args.update(kw) await self.start_kernel(**self._launch_args) return None async def _send_kernel_sigterm(self): """similar to _kill_kernel, but with sigterm (not sigkill), but do not block""" if self.has_kernel: # Signal the kernel to terminate (sends SIGTERM on Unix and # if the kernel is a subprocess and we are on windows; this is # equivalent to kill try: if hasattr(self.kernel, "terminate"): self.kernel.terminate() elif hasattr(signal, "SIGTERM"): await self.signal_kernel(signal.SIGTERM) else: self.log.debug( "Cannot set term signal to kernel, no" " `.terminate()` method and no values for SIGTERM" ) except OSError as e: # In Windows, we will get an Access Denied error if the process # has already terminated. Ignore it. if sys.platform == "win32": if e.winerror != 5: raise # On Unix, we may get an ESRCH error if the process has already # terminated. Ignore it. else: from errno import ESRCH if e.errno != ESRCH: raise async def _kill_kernel(self): """Kill the running kernel. This is a private method, callers should use shutdown_kernel(now=True). """ if self.has_kernel: # Signal the kernel to terminate (sends SIGKILL on Unix and calls # TerminateProcess() on Win32). try: if hasattr(signal, 'SIGKILL'): await self.signal_kernel(signal.SIGKILL) else: self.kernel.kill() except OSError as e: # In Windows, we will get an Access Denied error if the process # has already terminated. Ignore it. if sys.platform == 'win32': if e.winerror != 5: raise # On Unix, we may get an ESRCH error if the process has already # terminated. Ignore it. else: from errno import ESRCH if e.errno != ESRCH: raise # Wait until the kernel terminates. try: await asyncio.wait_for(self._async_wait(), timeout=5.0) except asyncio.TimeoutError: # Wait timed out, just log warning but continue - not much more we can do. self.log.warning("Wait for final termination of kernel timed out - continuing...") pass else: # Process is no longer alive, wait and clear if self.kernel is not None: self.kernel.wait() self.kernel = None async def interrupt_kernel(self): """Interrupts the kernel by sending it a signal. Unlike ``signal_kernel``, this operation is well supported on all platforms. """ if self.has_kernel: interrupt_mode = self.kernel_spec.interrupt_mode if interrupt_mode == 'signal': if sys.platform == 'win32': from .win_interrupt import send_interrupt send_interrupt(self.kernel.win32_interrupt_event) else: await self.signal_kernel(signal.SIGINT) elif interrupt_mode == 'message': msg = self.session.msg("interrupt_request", content={}) self._connect_control_socket() self.session.send(self._control_socket, msg) else: raise RuntimeError("Cannot interrupt kernel. No kernel is running!") async def signal_kernel(self, signum): """Sends a signal to the process group of the kernel (this usually includes the kernel and any subprocesses spawned by the kernel). Note that since only SIGTERM is supported on Windows, this function is only useful on Unix systems. """ if self.has_kernel: if hasattr(os, "getpgid") and hasattr(os, "killpg"): try: pgid = os.getpgid(self.kernel.pid) os.killpg(pgid, signum) return except OSError: pass self.kernel.send_signal(signum) else: raise RuntimeError("Cannot signal kernel. No kernel is running!") async def is_alive(self): """Is the kernel process still running?""" if self.has_kernel: if self.kernel.poll() is None: return True else: return False else: # we don't have a kernel return False async def _async_wait(self, pollinterval=0.1): # Use busy loop at 100ms intervals, polling until the process is # not alive. If we find the process is no longer alive, complete # its cleanup via the blocking wait(). Callers are responsible for # issuing calls to wait() using a timeout (see _kill_kernel()). while await self.is_alive(): await asyncio.sleep(pollinterval) KernelManagerABC.register(KernelManager) def start_new_kernel(startup_timeout=60, kernel_name='python', **kwargs): """Start a new kernel, and return its Manager and Client""" km = KernelManager(kernel_name=kernel_name) km.start_kernel(**kwargs) kc = km.client() kc.start_channels() try: kc.wait_for_ready(timeout=startup_timeout) except RuntimeError: kc.stop_channels() km.shutdown_kernel() raise return km, kc async def start_new_async_kernel(startup_timeout=60, kernel_name='python', **kwargs): """Start a new kernel, and return its Manager and Client""" km = AsyncKernelManager(kernel_name=kernel_name) await km.start_kernel(**kwargs) kc = km.client() kc.start_channels() try: await kc.wait_for_ready(timeout=startup_timeout) except RuntimeError: kc.stop_channels() await km.shutdown_kernel() raise return (km, kc) @contextmanager def run_kernel(**kwargs): """Context manager to create a kernel in a subprocess. The kernel is shut down when the context exits. Returns ------- kernel_client: connected KernelClient instance """ km, kc = start_new_kernel(**kwargs) try: yield kc finally: kc.stop_channels() km.shutdown_kernel(now=True)